[20] 'Ci falt la geste que Turoldus declinet.' The sense of the word _declinet_ is quite uncertain, and the attempts made to identify Turoldus are futile. [21] _Amis et Amiles_, ed. Hoffmann. Erlangen, 1852. [22] This series is given, sometimes in whole, sometimes in extracts, by Dr. Jonckbloet, _Guillaume d'Orange_. The Hague, 1854. [23] Ed. P. Paris. Paris, 1848. [24] Ed. Boca. Valenciennes, 1841. [25] Ed. Scheler. Brussels, 1877. [26] Ed. Barrois. Paris, 1842. [27] There exists a Provencal version of it, evidently translated from the French. The most convenient edition is that of Kroeber and Servois, Paris, 1860. There is an English fourteenth-century version published by Mr. Herrtage for the Early English Text Society, 1879. [28] Published partially by MM. P. Paris and E. du Meril and by Herr Stengel. [29] Ed. Le Glay. Paris, 1840. [30] Ed. Michel. Paris, 1856. [31] Ed. La Grange. Paris, 1864. [32] Ed. Guessard. Paris, 1866. [33] Ed. Guessard et Grandmaison. Paris, 1860. [34] Ed. Michelant. Stuttgart, 1862. [35] Ed. Michel. Paris, 1839. [36] Ed. Scheler. Brussels, 1874. [37] Ed. Pey. Paris, 1859. [38] Ed. Tarbe. Rheims, 1850. [39] Ed. Michel. London, 1836. [40] It is very commonly said that this feature is confined to the later Chansons. This is scarcely the fact, unless by 'later' we are to understand all except _Roland_. In _Roland_ itself the presentment is by no means wholly complimentary. [41] The Turoldus of _Roland_ has been already noticed. Of certain or tolerably certain authors, Graindor de Douai (revisions of the early crusading Chansons of 'Richard the Pilgrim,' _Antioche_, &c.), Jean de Flagy (_Garin_), Bodel (_Les Saisnes_), and Adenes le Roi, a fertile author or adapter of the thirteenth century, are the most noted. [42] _Ferabras_ and _Betonnet d'Hanstone_. M. Paul Meyer has recently edited this latter poem under the title of _Daurel et Beton_ (Paris, 1880). To these should be added a fragment, _Aigar et Maurin_, which seems to rank with _Girartz_. [43] There has been some reaction of late years against the scepticism which questioned the 'Provencal Epic.' I cannot however say, though I admit a certain disqualification for judgment (see note at beginning of next chapter), that I see any valid reason for this reaction. CHAPTER III. PROVENCAL LITERATURE. [Sidenote: Langue d'Oc.]