Modena, duchy, 293; seat of House of Este, 293; transfers, 341; reform in, 362; restoration of old order on Napoleon's fall, 367; in 1848, 388, 389, 397; united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402. Mohammed, 40, 41. Monasteries, 34, 72. Montaigne, diary of his travels in Italy, 320-334. Monte Cassino, 34. Montefeltri, in Urbino, 198. Montefeltro, Federigo da, 249, 250. Monteverdi, 357. Montfort, 123. Murat, 365, 366. Naples, 21, 70, 73; House of Aragon reigning, 161; condition, about 1350, 201; loss in Black Death, 210; condition, 1350-1450, 222; conquered by Alfonso of Aragon, 223; no share in Renaissance, 249; passes to illegitimate branch of House of Aragon, 263; conquered by Spaniards, 263; annexed to Spanish crown, 264; under Spanish viceroys, 294; inquisition in, 299; conveyed to Austria and then to Spanish Bourbons, 341; condition, prior to 1789, 363; given to Joseph Bonaparte and Murat, 365; revolution of 1820, 369, 370; cruelty of Francis I, 378; in 1848, 386; takes part in war against Austria, 388; persecution of liberals, 391; persecution described by Gladstone, 395, 396; united with Kingdom of Italy, 404, 405. Napoleon I, 365, 366. Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon), interferes in Rome, 391; plans of, 399; agreement with Cavour, 400; war with Austria, 400; peace, 400, 401. Narses, 22, 26. Niccolini, 382. Nicholas I, Pope, 62-64. Nicholas V, Pope, 251, 252, 269, 288. Nogaret, 150. Normans, in Southern Italy, 92; in Sicily, 93; become liegemen to the Popes, 93. Novara, battle of, 390. Odescalchi, see Innocent XI, Pope. Odoacer, 7, 10, 11, 13. Opera, the, 357, 358. Oratorio, the, 358. Order of St. Francis, see Franciscan Order. Order of Jesus, see Jesus, Order of. Orlando Furioso, 283, 284. Orlando Innamorato, 283. Orsini, the, 76, 150. Ostrogoths, 12-22. Otto I, Emperor, the Great, 77; marriage, 78; crowned Emperor, 78; his empire, 79, 80; tries and deposes Pope John XII, 82-84. Otto IV, Emperor, 120; becomes Ghibelline, 120, 121; excommunicated by Innocent III, 121; deposition, 122. Padua, 95; conquered by Venice, 224; visited by Montaigne, 322. Paisiello, 358. Palazzo Vecchio, 188; fountain in, 247; occupied by Grand Duke, 294. Palermo, rising in, 402. Palestrina, 357. Palladio, 306, 307, 311. Palma Vecchio, 312. Palmerston, Lord, sends Gladstone's letter to European governments, 396. Panfili, see Innocent X, Pope. Paolo Veronese, 312.