Papacy, strengthened by monasticism, 33, 34; relations with Empire, 38; with Lombards, 39; with Franks, 40; split with Eastern Empire, 42; Donation of Pippin, 45; further relations with Franks, 49; Donation of Charlemagne, 50; attitude towards Charlemagne, 51; towards Roman Empire, 52; local weakness, 52; supported by Empire, 58; duel with Empire, 59; right to crown Emperors, 59, 60; anomalous nature of, 60; subjection to Empire, 61; struggle with Empire, 61, 62; added prestige, 62; cosmopolitan ambition, 64; degradation, 67, 68; revival of, 79; character of, in 10th century, 81; becomes suzerain to Southern Italy, 93; struggle with Empire over investitures, 89-101; its triumph, 114-124; its death grapple with Empire, 133-144; its decay and fall, 145-151; Babylonish Captivity, 151; an absentee, 161; return to Rome, 217; and Renaissance, 251; as head of culture, 252; its monarchy, 267-280; in High Renaissance, 288-292; its revival, 297-302; a purely Italian institution, 302; quarrel with Venice, 336, 337; in 17th and 18th centuries, 343-345; under Napoleon, 365; loss of Temporal Power, 407, 408; attitude towards Italian government, 410, 411; under Leo XIII, 418. Papal Curia, see Roman Curia. Papal States, 69; really founded by Innocent III, 120; confusion in, during Babylonish Captivity, 162; about 1350, 202; reduced to order, 218; firmly established, 267, 268; the Papal monarchy, 267-280; prior to 1789, 363; in Napoleon's time, 365; after Napoleon's fall, 367; in 1848, 390; in 1849, 391-394; invaded by Piedmontese army, 404; votes to join Kingdom of Italy, 405. Parentucelli, see Nicholas V, Pope. Paris, Congress of, 399. Parma, a duchy, 295; taken by Farnesi, 295; conveyed to Spanish Bourbons, 341, 342; prior to 1789, 362, 363; on Napoleon's overthrow, 367; insurrection in, 379; in 1848, 388, 389, 397, 401; united with Piedmont in Kingdom of Italy, 402. Parthenon, blown up, 338. Patarini, 95; heretics, 125. Paul II, Pope, 288. Paul III, Pope (Alessandro Farnese), 275; in Parma, 295; a reformer, 300. Paul IV, Pope (Caraffa), 299, 301. Paul V, Pope, 345. Pavia, 28, 50, 95, 107; Ghibelline, 133. Pavia, battle of, 257, 293. Peace of Westphalia, 346. Pecci, see Leo XIII, Pope. Pedro, of Aragon, King of Sicily, 162. Pellico Silvio, 370-372. Peretti, Felice, see Sixtus V, Pope. Pergolesi, 358. Perugia, 128; war with Assisi, 128; its flagellants, 175; Baglioni in, 198. Perugino, 288. Peruzzi, Baldassare, 290. Pesaro, 245. Pesaro, Marchesa di, and Pietro Aretino, 315, 316.