birth and early life of, 43; his austerities, 44, 45; miracles of, 46; his fame and influence, 47; his death, 48; Taylor on biography of, 48. Ap Rice, a Royal Commissioner, 311. Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, 242. Ascetic, The, his morbid introspection, 392; meaning of word, 425. _See_ Monks and Hermits. Asceticism, in India, 18-20, 357; among Chaldeans, 20; in China, 20; among the Greeks, 21, 22; the Essenes, 23; in apostolic times, 27; the Gnostics, 27; and the Bible, 30, 366; in post-apostolic times, 31; modifications of, under Basil, 64; protests against, in early Rome, 124; various forms of, 385; effects of, 391, 401. _See_ Monasticism. Aske, Robert, heads revolt against Henry VIII., 326. Athanasius, St., visits hermits, 35; his life of Anthony, 42; influence of same on Rome, 80, 83; spreads Pachomian rule, 63; visits Rome, 71, and effect of, 80; visits Gaul, 119; his saying on fasting, 121. Atonement, for sin, the monk's influence on doctrine of, 417. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, his life, and services to monasticism, 117, 119; influenced by biography of Anthony, 43; on marriage and celibacy, 112; charges monks with fraud, 128. Augustine, Rule of, adopted by Dominic, 232, 241. Augustine, the monk, his mission to England, 161. Augustinians, 246. Aurelius, Emperor, Christianity during reign of, 124. Austerities, Robertson on, 94. _See_ Asceticism and Self-denial Austin Canons, 118. B Bacon, Roger, a Franciscan, 228; imprisonment of, 407. Bagot, Richard, on the English reformation, 345. Bale, John, on the fall of the monasteries, 333. Baluzii, on the prosperity of the Franciscans, 255. Bangor, Monastery of, founded, 123; slaughter of its monks, 165. Barbarians, the struggle of the monks with, 148, 149, 170; conversion of, 398. Basil the Great, 63; revolts against excessive austerities, 64; founder of Greek monasticism, 64, 65; his rules, 65; adopts irrevocable vows, 65; on marriage, 66; enforces strict obedience, 66. Bede, The Venerable, on the British Church, 123; on monks and animals, 156. Begging Friars, _see_ Mendicants, Franciscans and Dominicans. Benedict, Pope, XI., 221; XII., consecrates Monte Cassino, 135; on the stigmata of St. Francis, 221. Benedict of Aniane, his attempted reform, 176. Benedict, of Nursia, birth and early life, 131; his trials, 132; his fame attracts followers, 133; his strictness provokes opposition, 133; retires to Monte Cassino, 134; conquers Paganism, 135; his miracles and power over barbarians, 137; his last days, 13 8; his rules, 138; Schaff on same, 148; Cardinal Newman on mission of, 149; saying of, on manual labor, 403. Benedict, Order of St., 131; rules of, 138; the novitiate, 140; daily life of monks, 140; meaning of term "order," 143; abbots of, 144; manual labor, 147, 403; Schaff on rules of, 148; its dealings with barbarians, 148, 398; its literary and