258. The War Party in Congress.--There were abundant reasons to justify war with Great Britain, or with France, or with both of them. But there would probably have been no war with either of them had it not been for a few energetic young men in Congress. The leaders of this war party were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Clay was born in Virginia, but as a boy he had gone to Kentucky. He represented the spirit of the young and growing West. He was a true patriot and felt angry at the way the British spoke of America and Americans, and at the way they acted toward the United States. He was a very popular man and won men to him by his attractive qualities and by his energy. Calhoun was a South Carolinian who had been educated in Connecticut. He was a man of the highest personal character. He had a strong, active mind, and he was fearless in debate. As with Clay so with Calhoun, they both felt the rising spirit of nationality. They thought that the United States had been patient long enough. They and their friends gained a majority in Congress and forced Madison to send a warlike message to Congress. [Sidenote: Madison's war message, 1812. _McMaster>_, 231; _Source-Book_, 214-216.] 259. Madison's Reasons for War, 1812.--In his message Madison stated the grounds for complaint against the British as follows: (1) they impressed American seamen; (2) they disturbed American commerce by stationing warships off the principal ports; they refused to permit trade between America and Europe; (4) they stirred up the western Indians to attack the settlers; (5) they were really making war on the United States while the United States was at peace with them. For these reasons Madison advised a declaration of war against Great Britain, and war was declared. QUESTIONS AND TOPICS CHAPTER 22 §§ 228, 229.--_a_. Draw a map showing the states and territories in 1800. _b_. How and why had the center of population changed since 1791? Where is it now? _c_. Why did so many people live near tide water? Do the same reasons exist to-day? §§ 230-232.--_a_. What were the "best roads" in 1800? _b_. Describe the dangers and discomforts of traveling in 1800. _c_. What were the early steamboats like? §§ 233, 234.--_a_. What fact hindered the growth of cotton on a large scale in colonial times? _b_. How did Whitney's cotton gin change these conditions? §§ 235, 236.--_a_. Why had manufacturing received so little attention before the Revolution? _b_. How did the new government encourage manufacturing? CHAPTER 23 § 237.--_a_. How did Jefferson's inauguration illustrate his political ideas? _b_. Compare his method of opening Congress with that employed by Washington and Adams. Which method is followed to-day? §§ 238.--_a_. What is the Civil Service? How had Washington and Adams filled offices? Was their action wise? §§ 239.--_a_. Explain the Judiciary Act of 1801. _b_. What power has Congress over the Judiciary? (Constitution, Art. III).