1261. The Greeks recaptured Constantinople from the Latins. 1273. Rudolf of Habsburg elected Emperor. The Swiss formed their Everlasting League. 1280. Kublai Khan founded the Yuan dynasty in China. 1292. Death of Kublai Khan. 1293. Roger Bacon, the prophet of experimental science, died. 1348. The Great Plague, the Black Death. 1360. In China the Mongol (Yuan) dynasty fell, and was succeeded by the Ming dynasty (to 1644). 1377. Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome. 1378. The Great Schism. Urban VI in Rome, Clement VII at Avignon. 1398. Huss preached Wycliffism at Prague. 1414-18. The Council of Constance. Huss burnt (1415). 1417. The Great Schism ended. 1453. Ottoman Turks under Muhammad II took Constantinople. 1480. Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow, threw off the Mongol allegiance. 1481. Death of the Sultan Muhammad II while preparing for the conquest of Italy. 1486. Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 1492. Columbus crossed the Atlantic to America. 1498. Maximilian I became Emperor. 1498. Vasco da Gama sailed round the Cape to India. 1499. Switzerland became an independent republic. 1500. Charles V born. 1509. Henry VIII King of England. 1513. Leo X Pope. 1515. Francis I King of France. 1520. Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (to 1566), who ruled from Bagdad to Hungary. Charles V Emperor. 1525. Baber won the battle of Panipat, captured Delhi, and founded the Mogul Empire. 1527. The German troops in Italy, under the Constable of Bourbon, took and pillaged Rome. 1529. Suleiman besieged Vienna. 1530. Charles V crowned by the Pope. Henry VIII began his quarrel with the Papacy. 1539. The Society of Jesus founded. 1546. Martin Luther died. 1547. Ivan IV (the Terrible) took the Title of Tsar of Russia. 1556. Charles V abdicated. Akbar, Great Mogul (to 1605). Ignatius of Loyola died. 1558. Death of Charles V. 1566. Suleiman the Magnificent died. 1603. James I King of England and Scotland. 1620. _Mayflower_ expedition founded New Plymouth. First negro slaves landed at Jamestown (Va.). 1625. Charles I of England. 1626. Sir Francis Bacon (Lord Verulam) died. 1643. Louis XIV began his reign of seventy-two year’s. 1644. The Manchus ended the Ming dynasty. 1648. Treaty of Westphalia. There-by Holland and Switzerland were recognized as free republics and Prussia became important. The treaty gave a complete victory neither to the Imperial Crown nor to the Princes. War of the Fronde; it ended in the complete victory of the French crown. 1649. Execution of Charles I of England. 1658. Aurungzeb Great Mogul. Cromwell died. 1660. Charles II of England. 1674. Nieuw Amsterdam finally became British by treaty and was renamed New York. 1683. The last Turkish attack on Vienna defeated by John III of Poland. 1689. Peter the Great of Russia. (To 1725.) 1701. Frederick I first King of Prussia.