Chaldean Empire, 109 Chaldeans, 109, 110-11, 115, 429 Chandragupta, 163, 430 Chariots, 96, 100, 101-02, 112, 119, 145, 148 Charlemagne, 259, 261, 264-65, 272, 309, 432 Charles I, King of England, 308, 314, 433 Charles II, King of England, 324, 434 Charles V, Emperor, 309, 310, 314, 316, 433 Charles X, King of France, 350, 434 Charles the Great, (_See_ Charlemagne) _Charlotte Dundas_, steamboat, 357 Chelonia, 27 Chemists, Arab, 257. (_Cf._ Alchemists) Cheops, 83 Chephren, 83 China, 76, 84, 103, 166, 167 _et seq._, 173, 174, 233, 245 _et seq._, 248, 287, 290, 297, 333, 399- 400, 402-03, 411, 429-31, 432, 433, 435. (_See also_ Chow, Han, Kin, Ming, Shang, Sung, Suy, Ts’in, and Yuan dynasties) China, culture and civilization in, 247 China, Empire of, 196 _et seq._ China, Great Wall of, 173, 430 China, North, 173 Chinese picture writing, 79, 167 Chosroes I, 243, 431 Chosroes II, 243, 431 Chow dynasty, 168, 173, 429 Christ. (_See_ Jesus) Christian conception of Jesus, 214 Christianity (and Christians), 224, 255, 272, 295, 319, 400, 431 Christianity, doctrinal, development of, 222 _et seq._ Christianity, spirit of, 224 Chronicles, book of, 116, 119 Chronology, primitive, 68 Ch’u, 173 Church, the, 68 Cicero, 193 Cilicia, 299 Cimmerians, 100 Circumcision, 70 Circumnavigation, 302 Cities, Sumerian, 78 Citizenship, 187 _et seq._, 236, 237 City states, Greek, 129 _et seq._, Chinese, 168 Civilization, 100 Civilization, Hellenic, 139, 150 _et seq._ Civilization, Japanese, 400 Civilization, pre-historic, 71 Civilization, primitive, 76, 167 Civilization, Roman, 185 Claudius, Emperor, 195, 430 Clay documents, 77, 80, 111 Clement V, Pope, 285 Clement VII, Pope, 285, 433 Cleopatra, 194 Clermont, 432 _Clermont_, steamboat, 358 Climate, changes of, 21, 37 Clive, 333 Clothing, 77 Clothing of Cretan women, 93 Clouds, 8 Clovis, 259 Clyde, Firth of, 357 Cnossos (Crete), 92, 94, 95, 101, 108, 127, 429 Coal, 26 Coal swamps, the age of, 21 _et seq._ Coinage, 114, 176, 201, 319 Coke, 322 Collectivists, 375 Colonies, 394 _et seq._, 407 Columbus, Christopher, 300-01 _et seq._, 335, 433 Communism (and Communists), 374-75, 417 Comnenus, Alexius. (_See_ Alexius) Comparative anatomy, science of, 25, (_Cf._ Anatomy) Concord, Mass., 338 Confederated States of America, 385 Confucius, 133, 168 _et seq._, 173, 429 Congo, 397 Conifers, 26, 36 Constance, Council of, 286, 304, 433 Constantine the Great, 187, 226, 228, 229, 241, 429, 431 Constantinople, 229, 238, 239, 243, 253, 258, 263- 64, 270 _et seq._, 272, 283, 292, 301, 321, 327, 431, 432, 433. (_See also_ Byzantium) Consuls, Roman, 193 Copper, 74, 80, 102, 360, 395 Cordoba, 256 Corinth, 129 Cornwallis, General, 338 Corsets, 93 Corsica, 182, 185, 232 Cortez, 314 Cossacks, 334 Cotton fabrics, 102 Couvade, the, 70 Crabs, 23 Crassus, 192, 194, 199 Creation of the world, story of, 1, 116 Creed religions, 240 Cretan script, 94