Birds, flight of, 4; the earliest , 31; development of , 32 Bison, 56 Black Death, the, 433 Black Sea, 71, 94-95, 108, 129, 200 Blood sacrifice, 167, 186, 212 (_See also_ Sacrifice) Boats, 91, 136 Boer republic, 187 Boers, 398 Bohemia, 236, 306 Bohemians, 304-05, 326 Bokhara, 256 Boleyn, Anne, 313 Bolivar, General, 349 Bologna, 295, 312 Bolsheviks (and Bolshevism), 417-19, 435 Bone carvings, 53 Bone implements, 45, 46 Boniface VIII, Pope, 283-84 “Book religions,” 226 Books, 153, 298, 302 Boötes, 257 Boris, King of Bulgaria, 432 Bosnia, 228 Bosphorus, 135 Boston, 337-38 Bostra, 243 Botany Bay, 393 Bourbon, Constable of, 312, 433 Bowmen, 145, 155, 300 Brahmins and Brahminism, 165, 166 Brain, 42 Brazil, 329, 336, 340 Breathing, 24 Brest-Litovsk, 417 Britain, 106, 122, 174, 185, 203, 236, 349, 353, 402, 431, 434, (_See also_ England, Great Britain) British, 329, 331 British Civil Air Transport Commission, 363 British East Indian Company, (_See_ East India Company) British Empire, 407; (in 1815) 393; (in 1914) 405 British Guianu. 393 British Navy, 408 “British schools,” the, 369 Brittany, 309 Broken Hill, South Africa, 52 Bronze, 80, 87, 102, 104 Bruges, 294 Brussels, 344 Brythonic Celts, 107 Buda-Pesth, 312 Buddha, 133, 156, 172, 213 429; life of 158; his teaching 161-62 Buddhism (and Buddhists), 166, 172, 222, 255, 290, 319, 334, 400, (_See also_ Buddha) Bulgaria, 135, 229, 245, 292, 411, 432 Bull fights, Cretan, 93 Burgoyne, General, 338 Burgundy, 309, 342 Burial, early, 102, 104 Burleigh. Lord, 324 Burma, 166, 300, 405 Burning the dead, 104 Bury, J. B., 288 Bushmen, 54 Byzantine Army, 253 Byzantine Empire, 238, 271-72 Byzantine fleet, 431 Byzantium, 228, 243, 267, 268, (_See also_ Constantinople) C Cabul, 148 Cæsar, Augustus, 430 Cæsar, Julius, 187, 192, 193, 194, 195, 430 Cæsar, title, etc., 212, 223, 240, 327 Cainozoic period, 37 _et seq._ Cairo, 256 Calendar, 68 Calicut, 329 California, 336, 383 Caligula, 195, 430 Caliphs, 252 “Cambulac,” 300 Cambyses, 112, 134 Camels, 42, 102, 112, 196, 319 Campanella, 371 Canaan, 116 Canada, 332, 396, 405, 434 Canary Islands, 302 Cannæ, 182 Canossa, 274 Canton, 247 Canute, 263, 432 Cape Colony, 398 Cape of Good Hope, 336, 393, 433 Capet, Hugh, 266, 432 Carboniferous age. (_See_ Coal swamps) Cardinals, 277 _et seq._ Caria, 98 Carians, 94 Caribou, 73 Carlovingian Empire, 432 Carnac, 106 Carolinas, 388 Carrhæ, 194 Carthage, 92, 122, 123, 134, 176, 179, 182, 183, 185, 232, 429- 30, 431 Carthaginians, 179, 182 Caspian Sea, 71, 88, 108, 148, 193, 197, 430 Caste, 157, 165 Catalonians, 302 “Cathay,” 300 Catholicism, 237, 337, 351. (_See also_ Papacy, Roman Catholic) Cato, 187 Cattle, 77, 83 Caudine Forks, 430 Cavalry, 145, 148, 178 Cave drawings, 53, 56, 57 Caxton, William, 306 Celibacy, 275 Celts, 106, 107, 193 Centipedes, 23 Ceylon, 165, 407 Chæronia, battle of, 145, 146, 430 Chalcedon, 243