Okapi, 397 “Old Man,” 372, 373 Old Testament, 115, 116 Olympiad, first, 176, 429 Olympian games, 131 Olympias, Queen, 146 Omar, Caliph, 431 Open-hearth process, 359 Orange River, 398 “Ordinance of secession,” 385 Oregon, 385 Organic Evolution, 16 Ormuz, 299 Orsini family, 284 Orthodoxy, 240 Osiris, 200, 210, 211 Ostrogoths, 227, 431 Othman, 432 Otho, 430 Otto I, King of Germany, 265, 432 Otto of Bavaria, Prince, 354 Ottoman Empire, 202. (_See also_ Turkey, Turks) Oudh, 394 Ownership, 373, 374, 375 Oxen, 49, 104, 112 Oxford, 295 P Padua, 235 Pæstum, 176 Palæologus, Michael (Michael VIII), 283 Palæolithic age, 13, 59, 66 (note) Palermo, 181 Palestine, 290, 299 Pamirs, 196, 300 Panama, 385 Panama, Isthmus of, 314 Pan Chau, 197, 430 Panipat, battle of, 433 Pannonia, 203, 229, 232, 234, 431 Papacy (including Popes), 237, 261, 265, 277 _et seq._, 329 _et seq._, 343 Papal schism (the Great Schism), 285, 394, 433 Paper, 153, 236, 255, 297, 320, 322 Papyrus, 78, 153 Parables, 216 _Paradise Lost_, 129 Parchment, 153 Paris, 294, 295, 342, 350, 356, 390, 391, 412, 413, 415, 435 Paris, Peace of, 338, 434 Parthian dynasty, 202 Parthians, 155, 192, 194, 198, 199, 245 Passau, Treaty of, 314 Patricians, Roman, 176, 188 Paul, St., 202, 223 Pavia, siege of, 312 _Peace Conference_, Dr. Dillon’s, 434 Peasant revolts, 305, 310 Peculium, 206 Pedro I, 340 Pegu, 300 Pekin, 173, 287, 300, 383, 400, 432 Peloponnesian War, 139, 145, 430 Pentateuch, the, 116 “People’s crusade,” the, 270, 432. (_Cf._ Crusades) Pepi II, 83 Pepin I, 259 Pepin of Hersthal, 431 Pergamum, 154, 180, 183, 430 Pericles, 139, 140 Perry, Commodore, 402 Persepolis, 114, 148, 155 Persia, 77, 134 _et seq._, 165, 185, 192, 227, 243, 253, 255, 287, 399, 409, 430, 431 Persian Empire, 112, 134, 238, 429 Persian Gulf, 77, 78, 91, 299 Persian language, 95 Persians, 100, 108, 109, 115, 155, 174, 431 Peru, 74, 75, 314, 321 Pestilence, 305, 320, 334, 413, 430, 431, 433 Peter the Great, 327, 434 Peter the Hermit, 269, 270 Peterhof, 327 Petersburg, 127, 419. (_See also_ Petrograd) Petrograd, 416, 417. (_See also_ Petersburg) Petschenegs, 268 Phalanx, 145, 178 Pharaohs, the, 90, 96, 119, 131, 150, 188 Pharsalos, 430 Philadelphia, 358, 434 Philip, Duke of Orleans, 350 Philip, King of France, 285 Philip II, King of Spain, 314, 324 Philip of Hesse, 313 Philip of Macedon, 145, 146, 430 Philippine Islands, 302, 393, 400 Philistines, 100, 117 Philosopher’s stone, 257 Philosophers and Philosophy, 133, 139, 152, 168, 239, 294, 295 Phœnicians, 92, 94, 107, 123, 147 _Phœnix_, steamship, 358 Phrygians, 100, 108 Physiocrats, 371 Picture writing, 56, 57, 78, 79, 167 Piedmont, 345 Pirates and Piracy, 92, 179, 180, 200, 263 Pithecanthropus erectus, 45 Pizarro, 314 Plague, (_See_ Pestilence) Planetoids, 2 Planets, 2 Plant lice, 13 Plants, 22, 23, 36 Platea, battle of, 136, 430 Plato, 140, 142, 144, 170, 370- 71