Platypus, duck-billed, 34 Plebeians, Roman, 176, 177, 187-88 Plesiosaurs, 29, 30, 36 Poison-gas, 413 Poitiers, 432 Poitiers, battle of, 253, 259 Poland, 288, 327, 353, 434 Poles, 288, 419 Political experiment, age of, 318 _et seq._ Political ideas, development of, 370 _et seq._ Political science, founder of, 144 Political worship, 412 Polo, Marco, 299-300 Polynesian races, 71 Pompey the Great, 192, 193, 196, 198, 430 Pontifex maximus, 237, 261 Popes. (_See_ Papacy) Population, 379, 383 Port Arthur, 400, 403 Portugal, 340, 394, 396, 431 Portuguese, 302, 329, 332, 400 Porus, King, 149 Potato, 76 Potsdam, 327 Pottery, 75, 87X Prague, 433 Prescott, 314 Priestcraft (including Priests), 64, 68, 69, 74, 75, 77, 83, 111, 114 _et seq._, 122, 131, 132, 167, 174, 275, 277 _Primal Law_, 61 Primates, 43. (_Cf._ Mammalia) Printing, 80, 153, 247, 255, 298, 302, 305, 306, 320, 322, 329 Priscus, 234 Property, 274, 372, 374, 375 Prophet, Muhammad as, 249 Prophets, Jewish, 118, 122 _et seq._ Proprietorship, 373 Protestantism, 316, 324, 327, 351, 400 Proverbs, book of, 116 Prussia, 327, 348, 351, 390, 391, 392, 434, 435 Prussia, East, 412, 415 Psalms, 116 Psammetichus I, 109, 429 Psycho-analvsis, 69 Pterodactyls, 28, 29, 31, 36 Ptolemy I, 149, 150, 151, 186, 211 Ptolemy II, 151, 186 Punic language, 203 Punic Wars, 180 _et seq._, 187, 188, 430 Punjab, 163, 199 Puritans, 335 Pygmies, 397 Pyramids, 69, 83, 100 Pyrenees, 253, 432 Pyrrhus, 178, 179, 430 Q Quebec, 434 Quinqueremes, 180 Quixada, 314 R Races of mankind, 71 _et seq._ Railways, 322, 350, 357, 382, 383, 384, 389, 395, 396, 409, 434 Rain, 9, 10 Rameses II, 96, 147, 429 Rasputin, 415, 416 Ratisbon, Diet of, 313 Ravenna, 431 Reading, 176 Rebus, 79 Red deer, 56 Red Sea, 91, 118, 122, 196 Reformation, the, 308 Reindeer, 43, 49, 51, 56, 73 Religion, and the creation of the world, 1; and organic evolution, 16; primitive, 61, 64 Religions, 172, 222 _et seq._, 240 _et seq._, 319. (_Cf._ Buddhism, Christianity, etc.) Religious developments under the Roman Empire, 208 _et seq._ Religious wars, 270, 304, 313. (_Cf._ Crusades) Reptiles, the age of, 26 _et seq._; mental life of, 38 Reproduction, 17 _et seq._ _Republic_, Plato’s, 142 Republic, the Assimilative, 187 Republics, 187 _et seq._, 236, 308, 324, 328, 340, 343, 344, 416, 433, 434, 435 Republicans, the first, 131 Retreat of the Ten Thousand, 150 Revolution, 342 _et seq._, 349 _et seq._, 390, 404, 416, 435 Rhine, 200, 227 Rhine languages, 236 Rhineland, 270, 306 Rhinoceros, 43, 49 Rhodes, 108 Rhodesia, 407 Rhodesian man, 52 Richelieu, Cardinal, 324 Richmond, U.S.A., 386, 388, 389 Roads, 114, 187 Robertson, 316 Robespierre, 345, 346, 434 Robinson, J. H., 284 “Rocket,” Stephenson’s, 356 Rock pictures, 57, 78 Rocks as record of beginnings of life, 11 _et seq._ S Sabellians, 224 Sabre-toothed tiger, 43