Our modern hat can be traced back to the _pileus_ worn by the ancient Greeks when on a journey. Hats with brims were also worn by them, though some authorities claim that the Greek citizen of mature years never wore a head-covering, it being confined to youths, workmen and slaves. The _pileus_ was a closely-fitting woolen skull-cap, which was sometimes worn as a lining to the helmet. It was adopted by the Romans at their public games and festivals by those who had once been slaves, and by the aged and infirm for sake of warmth. From ancient coins and medals we find that the Romans went bareheaded, except at sacred rites, games, festivals, and when at war. Baldness was looked upon by them as a great deformity, and Cæsar, mighty conqueror though he was, yet could not make nature add one single hair to his very scanty supply, is said to have prized the honor of wearing a laurel crown above all the other dignities conferred upon him by the senate, as it served to conceal his weakness. In the city, to screen themselves from the heat, rain or wind, the Romans frequently threw the folds of their robe over their heads, but if they met any one to whom they owed respect, they immediately let the folds drop and remained bareheaded. Figs. 10 and 12 are specimens of ancient Greek helmets, while Fig. 11 represents a young warrior equipped for battle. Fig. 8 shows the _petasus_, not greatly unlike our tennis hat of to-day. Fig. 14 is the Phrygian bonnet, which held its own for so many centuries. * * * * * [Illustration: _Fig 24._ _Fig 25._ _Fig 26._ _Fig 27._ _Fig 28._ _Fig 29._ _Fig 30._ ] The inhabitants of Eastern nations always have their heads covered. In China the men wear hats in shape and size resembling large umbrellas, like Figs. 18 and 23, or else small conical caps similar to Fig. 17. These are made of beautifully wrought cane-work and often have pictures of birds and flowers painted upon them. They also have another cap, which though richer in material is not so graceful. It is similar in shape to Fig. 22, made of black velvet with a blue silk centre and a red tassel surmounting the top. The distinctive mark of different ranks among the mandarins consists in the color and value of the button worn on the cap. Figs. 19 and 20 show the peculiar head-dress worn by the Japanese when going forth to battle. In Arabia, notwithstanding the heat of the climate, the men wear a most preposterous head-dress. Frequently fifteen cloth or linen caps are worn one over the other, the upper one being gorgeously embroidered in gold with a sentence from the Koran worked upon it. Not satisfied with this curious coiffure they add to it by wrapping around the outer cap a large piece of muslin ornamented at the ends with silk or golden fringe, which stream loosely on the shoulders. A plume of white heron’s feathers is the distinctive badge of a chief among the Uzbek Tartars.