As a part of defensive armor the hat became the helmet, which has changed but little in shape from the earliest times. Very elaborate and fantastic were some of the early forms, with their double or two-story heads, Figs. 46 and 47, to give the impression of increased height. The workmanship, also, was very beautiful, some of the ancient helmets being entirely covered with chasing and designs of the most intricate character. With the Greeks and Romans the subject of armor was one of importance, and from their ancient monuments we can learn much of their form and beauty. Page 15 shows several kinds of helmets worn during the middle ages. * * * * * In Spain serious disturbances took place in Madrid in the eighteenth century over an attempt being made to banish the _sombrero_. While in other countries the fashion of hats has been undergoing changes, in Spain the same shapes are worn year after year, with but little modification. Page 19, with the exception of Figs. 52 and 53, which are Mexican, show several forms of Spanish hats. Fig. 51 is the style commonly worn by the priests when traveling about. Page 21 gives some German types; Fig. 61 is the hat of a judge; Figs. 58, 60 and 62 are military hats, while Fig. 63 shows a Teutonic fool’s cap decorated with bells. * * * * * [Illustration: _Fig 44._ _Fig 45._ _Fig 46._ _Fig 47._ _Fig 48._ _Fig 49._ ] In France the clothing of the head has long been a subject of special consideration, and many have been the styles that have emanated from there. At first, as in most of the other countries mentioned, hoods were worn, but when Charles VII. made his triumphal entry into Rouen, in 1449, he wore a hat lined with red velvet and surmounted with a rich plume of feathers. From this date hats and caps became general throughout France. A curious appendage that was worn with the hat for many years was like Fig. 66, consisting of a piece of black stuff which was fastened to one side of the hat, the other end being thrown over the left shoulder. This band was often held in the hand and the hat allowed to fall off from the head and rest on the back. Another peculiar head-dress was the Capuchin hood, Fig. 68. This had a long pointed tail that hung down the back, and in front was buttoned close up to the chin. Some gallants twisted the tails into all sorts of fantastic forms and carelessly poised them on the top of the head. With the shaven faces that were always worn with this hood, the men all looked very much like monks. It was fear of this appearance that induced Francis I. to set the fashion of velvet caps in his kingdom. Fig. 67 represents a French military hat. For the past fifty years the high silk hat has been the most popular style in France.