A Sketch of Assam: With some account of the Hill TribesButler, John, Major
History
A Sketch of Assam: With some account of the Hill Tribes
Butler, John, Major
Assam (India) -- Description and travel; Assam (India) -- Social life and customs; Ethnology -- India -- Assam
There is a remarkable similarity between one of the customs in Assam
and that practised by the Patriarchs of old. Jacob served Laban as a
servant or bondsman many years to obtain in marriage Leah and Rachel,
who were sisters; and he was not allowed to marry the younger before
the elder. So in Assam a man may marry two sisters, but he must
marry the elder before the younger. It is not uncommon, when a man
is poverty stricken, to engage to live and work for several years
for the father of the girl he wishes to marry. He is then called a
Chapunea, a kind of bondsman, and is entitled to receive bhat kupper,
food and clothing, but no wages; and at the expiration of the period
of servitude, if the girl does not dislike him, the marriage takes
place. The man is looked on in the family as a khanu damad (or
son-in-law), and is treated kindly. If the girl's father be very
wealthy, and he has no sons, he will sometimes select, from some
equally respectable family, a husband for his daughter, and bring
him up in his own house. The youth so selected is likewise called a
Chapunea, and inherits the whole of his father-in-law's property. If
a woman's husband dies, though she may be only eighteen or twenty
years of age, she can never marry again. She is considered a Baree,
or widow for life; but very few women--if any--so circumstanced lead a
life of celibacy: they prefer submitting to be selected as companions,
and are then contemptuously designated batuloo (refuse or offal). And
this condition of existence among the lower orders is almost as common
as marriage; for the becoming a man's Dhemuna stree (alias mistress
or companion) involves no expense for bhar bhete (marriage present)
or gaodhun (dower), and is therefore more convenient. The offspring
of this connection inherit all the rights of legitimate issue, and
are not the less respected in society; there is, therefore, no bar to
the loose and immoral habits so prevalent among the poorer classes in
Assam. The indulgence of these is further facilitated by the ease with
which the marriage-tie may be dissevered. No reference is necessary to
either the temporal or ecclesiastical courts: dissolution is simply
effected by the husband, if displeased with his wife or doubtful of
her fidelity. On these occasions he merely assembles his friends,
and in their presence addresses his wife in these words:--"Henceforth
I look on you as my mother and sister;" and tearing a betel leaf into
two pieces the marriage is dissolved, and the man and woman are free to
select fresh partners. The divorce is equally complete if the husband
distributes a little salt to each member of the assembly of friends,
making the same speech to the wife. The Cacharies, a simple-minded,
honest, and industrious tribe of Assamese, cut off a branch of the
kuddum tree before a select body of friends, when the husband declares
he has divorced his wife, and the ceremony is completed.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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