the power of setting a higher valuation on the property than the citizens themselves had put. The tax (_tributum_) was usually one per thousand upon the property entered in the books of the censors; but on one occasion the censors, as a punishment, compelled a person to pay eight per thousand (_octuplicato censu_, Liv. iv. 24). A person who voluntarily absented himself from the census, and thus became _incensus_, was subject to the severest punishment. It is probable that service in the army was a valid excuse for absence. After the censors had received the names of all the citizens with the amount of their property, they then had to make out the lists of the tribes, and also of the classes and centuries; for by the legislation of Servius Tullius the position of each citizen in the state was determined by the amount of his property. [COMITIA CENTURIATA.] These lists formed a most important part of the _Tabulae Censoriae_, under which name were included all the documents connected in any way with the discharge of the censors’ duties. These lists, as far at least as they were connected with the finances of the state, were deposited in the aerarium, which was the temple of Saturn; but the regular depository for all the archives of the censors was in earlier times the Atrium Libertatis, near the Villa publica, and in later times the temple of the Nymphs. The censors had also to make out the lists of the senators for the ensuing lustrum, or till new censors were appointed; striking out the names of such as they considered unworthy, and making additions to the body from those who were qualified. [SENATUS.] In the same manner they held a review of the equites equo publico, and added and removed names as they judged proper. [EQUITES.] After the lists had been completed, the number of citizens was counted up, and the sum total announced; and accordingly we find that, in the account of a census, the number of citizens is likewise usually given. They are in such cases spoken of as _capita_, sometimes with the addition of the word _civium_, and sometimes not; and hence to be registered in the census was the same thing as _caput habere_. [CAPUT.]--II. REGIMEN MORUM. This was the most important branch of the censors’ duties, and the one which caused their office to be the most revered and the most dreaded in the Roman state. It naturally grew out of the right which they possessed of excluding unworthy persons from the lists of citizens. They were constituted the conservators of public and private virtue and morality; they were not simply to prevent crime or particular acts of immorality, but their great object was to maintain the old Roman character and habits, the _mos majorum_. The proper expression for this branch of their power was _regimen morum_, which was called in the times of the empire _cura_ or _praefectura morum_. The punishment inflicted by the censors in the exercise of this branch of their duties was