37. The Mutual Obligations of Lords and Vassals 220 38. Some of the More Important Rights of the Lord 221 39. The Peace and the Truce of God 228 CHAPTER XIV.--THE NORMAN CONQUEST 40. The Battle of Hastings: the English and the Normans 233 41. William the Conqueror as Man and as King 241 CHAPTER XV.--THE MONASTIC REFORMATION OF THE TENTH, ELEVENTH, AND TWELFTH CENTURIES 42. The Foundation Charter of the Monastery of Cluny (910) 245 43. The Early Career of St. Bernard and the Founding of Clairvaux 250 44. A Description of Clairvaux 258 CHAPTER XVI.--THE CONFLICT OVER INVESTITURE 45. Gregory VII.'s Conception of the Papal Authority 261 46. Letter of Gregory VII. to Henry IV. (1075) 264 47. Henry IV.'s Reply to Gregory's Letter (1076) 269 48. Henry IV. Deposed by Gregory (1076) 272 49. The Penance of Henry IV. at Canossa (1077) 273 50. The Concordat of Worms (1122) 278 CHAPTER XVII.--THE CRUSADES 51. Speech of Pope Urban II. at the Council of Clermont (1095) 282 52. The Starting of the Crusaders (1096) 288 53. A Letter from a Crusader to his Wife 291 CHAPTER XVIII.--THE GREAT CHARTER 54. The Winning of the Great Charter 297 55. Extracts from the Charter 303 CHAPTER XIX.--THE REIGN OF SAINT LOUIS 56. The Character and Deeds of the King as Described by Joinville 311 CHAPTER XX.--MUNICIPAL ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITY 57. Some Twelfth Century Town Charters 325 58. The Colonization of Eastern Germany 330 59. The League of Rhenish Cities (1254) 334 CHAPTER XXI.--UNIVERSITIES AND STUDENT LIFE 60. Privileges Granted to Students and Masters 340 61. The Foundation of the University of Heidelberg (1386) 345 62. Mediaeval Students' Songs 351 CHAPTER XXII.--THE FRIARS 63. The Life of St. Francis 362 64. The Rule of St. Francis 373 65. The Will of St. Francis 376 CHAPTER XXIII.--THE PAPACY AND THE TEMPORAL POWERS IN THE LATER MIDDLE AGES 66. The Interdict Laid on France by Innocent III. (1200) 380 67. The Bull "Unam Sanctam" of Boniface VIII. (1302) 383