For general works, see Graves, F. P., _History of Education before the Middle Ages_ (Macmillan, 1909), chaps. I-XI; Monroe, P., _Text-book in the History of Education_ (Macmillan, 1905), chaps. I-II. A general interpretation of the evolution of education in savagery and barbarism is also given in Laurie, S. S., _Pre-Christian Education_ (Longmans, Green, 1909), pp. 1-207; Morgan, L. H., _Ancient Society_ (Holt, 1907), Part I; and Taylor, H. O., _Ancient Ideals_ (Macmillan, 1913), vol. I, chaps. I-V. An illustration of primitive training of especial interest to American students is found in Spencer, F. C., _Education of the Pueblo Child_ (Columbia University, Department of Philosophy and Psychology, vol. 7, no. 1); and a detailed description of the puberty rites of a variety of savage tribes, in Webster, H., _Primitive Secret Societies_, (Macmillan, 1908), chaps. I-V. A more complete account of the Hindu philosophy and education appears in Dutt, R. C., _Civilization of India_ (Dent, London), and Taylor, H. O., _Ancient Ideals_ (Macmillan, 1913), vol. I, chaps. III and IV. A systematic statement of the Jewish training has been adapted from a German work, in Leipziger, H. M., _Education of the Jews_ (New York Teachers College, 1890), and a more detailed account worked out in Spiers, B., _School System of the Talmud_ (Stock, London, 1898). CHAPTER II THE EDUCATION OF THE GREEKS OUTLINE The Spartan training was intended to serve the state by making warriors, and little attention was paid to intellectual education. At first the Athenian education was also mainly concerned in serving the state. For the earliest stage of the boy’s education, there were schools of two types,--one for intellectual training, as well as one for physical; from fifteen to eighteen a more advanced physical training was given; and then, for two years, a preparation for military life. After the Persian wars, the Athenians adopted ideals of education affording a larger recognition of individualism. The sophists introduced the new educational practices, and went to an extreme in their individualism. The systematic philosophers,--Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, tried to mediate the outworn institutional education and the extreme individualism. Socrates held that the sophistic ‘knowledge’ was only ‘opinion,’ and that the more universal knowledge could be reached in every person by stripping off his individualistic opinion.