=Extension of Hellenic Culture.=--It can thus be seen that the political downfall of Athens had only prepared the way for a larger intellectual influence. As Alexander extended his yoke over one Eastern country after another, he had carried with him all the culture of Greece, and within a century of his death the whole Orient was dotted with Greek gymnasia, stadia, and theaters, and saturated with Greek literature, art, philosophy, and education. Similarly Rome, which had come somewhat into contact with Greece before conquering her, had been tinctured with Greek life and learning; and, after her absorption of Macedon and Greece, she fell under the spiritual thrall of the subjugated people. The history of Greek civilization and education was so intermingled with the Roman that it can scarcely be distinguished from it. The Greek schools of philosophy and rhetoric were continued in Rome, Roman youths made up a great body of the attendance at the universities of Athens and Alexandria, and the Roman emperors did much for the support and extension of the work in these institutions. Hence from the Greeks have developed some of the most advanced intellectual and æsthetic ideas that civilization has known. SUPPLEMENTARY READING Graves, _Before the Middle Ages_ (Macmillan, 1909), chap. XII; Monroe, _Text-book_ (Macmillan, 1905), chap. III. See also Laurie, _Pre-Christian Education_ (Longmans, Green, 1900), pp. 208-318. Davidson, T., in his _Aristotle_ (Scribner, 1896), develops the periods of Greek education in chronological order, and his _Education of the Greek People_ (Appleton, 1903) gives the social setting of its development. A most scholarly and brilliant work is Freeman, K. J., _Schools of Hellas_ (Macmillan, 1907), which is illustrated by vase-scenes and other reproductions of Greek education. Bosanquet, B., _The Education of the Young in Plato’s Republic_ (Cambridge University Press, 1908), Nettleship, R. L., _Theory of Greek Education in Plato’s Republic_ (See Evelyn Abbott’s _Hellenica_, Longmans, Green, 1908), and Burnet, J., _Aristotle on Education_ (Cambridge University Press) afford a good interpretation of the theorists mentioned; while Capes, W. W., in the _University Life in Ancient Athens_ (Harper, 1877), and Walden, J. W., in the _Universities of Ancient Greece_ (Scribner, 1909), furnish a lively description of the students and professors. CHAPTER III THE EDUCATION OF THE ROMANS OUTLINE The contribution of the Romans to progress was largely due to their absorption of Greek culture, but their primitive training had an influence in itself. This was mostly civic and practical, and was given informally in the family and the forum. Through amalgamation with the Greek, Roman education maintained three grades of schools: (1) the elementary school or _ludus_, (2) the ‘grammar’ school, and (3) the rhetorical school. Beyond the education of these schools, a young Roman might attend a university.