9. =The Assembly of Glasgow, and the Abolition of Episcopacy. 1638.=--The greater part of =1638= was passed by Charles in an endeavour to come to an understanding with the Scots. On September 2 he revoked the Prayer Book, and offered to limit the powers of the bishops. On November 21 a general assembly met at Glasgow, in which ninety-six lay members--for the most part noblemen--sat with 144 clergymen, and which may therefore be regarded as a sort of Ecclesiastical Parliament in which the clergy predominated as the nobles predominated in the single house which made up the real Parliament. The Assembly claimed to judge the bishops, on which the king's commissioner, the Marquis of Hamilton, dissolved the Assembly rather than admit its claim. The Assembly, however, on the ground that it possessed a Divine right to settle all affairs relating to the Church independently of the King, sat on, as if nothing had happened, deposed the bishops, and re-established the Presbyterian system. 10. =The First Bishops' War. 1639.=--In refusing to obey the order for dissolution, the Scottish General Assembly had practically made itself independent of the king, and Charles was driven--unless he cared to allow the establishment of a precedent, which might some day be quoted against him in England--to make war upon the Scots. Yet he dared not summon the English Parliament, lest it should follow their example, and he had to set forth on what came to be known as the First Bishops' War--because it was waged in the cause of the bishops--with no more money than he could get from a voluntary contribution, not much exceeding 50,000_l._ Soon after he reached Berwick with his army, he found that the Scots had, on Dunse Law,[22] an army almost equal to his own in numbers, commanded by Alexander Leslie, an old soldier who had fought in the German wars, and mainly composed of veterans, who had seen much service on the Continent, whilst his own men were raw recruits. His money soon came to an end, and it was then found impossible to keep the army together. The war was one in which there was no fighting, and in which only one man was killed, and he by an accident. On June 24 Charles signed the Treaty of Berwick. Both sides passed over in silence the deeds of the Glasgow Assembly, but a promise was given that all affairs civil and ecclesiastical should be settled in an assembly and Parliament. Assembly and Parliament met at Edinburgh, and declared in favour of the abolition of episcopacy; but Charles, who could not, even now, make up his mind to submit, ordered the adjournment of the Parliament, and prepared for a new attack on Scotland. [Footnote 22: 'Law,' in the Lowlands of Scotland, means a solitary hill.] [Illustration: Soldier armed with a pike: from a broadside, printed _circa_ 1630.] [Illustration: Soldier with musket and crutch: from a broadside printed about 1630.]