Symbol Symbol in book ‘ Inverted comma, to the left of a letter and raised above the baseline, like a single opening quotation mark. ’ Comma, to the right of a letter and raised above the baseline, like a single closing quotation mark. ´ “Accent mark”--a diagonal slash indicating a stressed syllable. [x] The letter upside-down. This is used for upside-down lower-case ‘p’, because an upside-down lower-case p looks too much like a ‘d’; and for upside-down ‘s’, which looks too much like a right-side-up ‘s’; and for an upside-down upper-case K, because I don’t think that character exists in Unicode. ȼ A lowercase ‘c’ with an acute accent and a mark below. Ȼ An uppercase ‘c’ with an acute accent and a mark below. END OF TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE.] a, as in _father_. ‘a, an initially exploded a. ă, as in _what_, or as _o_ in _not_. ‘ă, an initially exploded ă. ä, as in _hat_. c, as _sh_ in _she_. See ś. ɔ, a medial _sh_, a sonant-surd. ć (Dakota letter), as _ch_ in _church_. ç, as _th_ in _thin_. [ç], a medial ç, sonant-surd. ȼ, as _th_ in _the_. e, as in _they_. ‘e, an initially exploded e. ĕ, as in _get_. ‘ĕ an initially exploded ĕ. g, as in _go_. ġ (in Dakota), _gh_. See x. ɥ (in Osage), an h after a pure or nasalized vowel, expelled through the mouth with the lips wide apart. ḣ (in Dakota), _kh_, etc. See q. i, as in _machine_. ‘i, an initially exploded i. ĭ, as in _pin_. j, as _z_ in _azure_, or as _j_ in the French _Jacques_. ʞ a medial k, a sonant-surd. k’, an exploded k. See next letter. ḳ (in Dakota), an exploded k. ŋ (in Dakota), after a vowel has the sound of _n_ in the French _bon_. See ⁿ. ɯ (in Kansa), a medial m, a sound between m and b. ñ, as _ng_ in _sing_. hn, its initial sound is expelled from the nostrils and is scarcely heard. o, as in _no_. ‘o, an initially exploded o. [p], a medial b or p, a sonant-surd. p’, an exploded p. q, as German _ch_ in _ach_. See ḣ. [s], a medial z or s, a sonant-surd. ś (in Dakota), as _sh_ in _she_. See c. ʇ, a medial d or t, a sonant-surd. t’, an exploded t. u, as _oo_ in _tool_. ‘u, an initially exploded u. ŭ, as _oo_ in _foot_. ṵ, a sound between o and u. ü, as in German _kühl_, _süss_. x, _gh_, or nearly the Arabic _ghain_. See ġ. ź (in Dakota), as _z_ in _azure_. See j. dj, as _j_ in _judge_. tc, as _ch_ in _church_. See ć. tc’, an exploded tc. ʇɔ, a medial tc, a sonant-surd. ts’, an exploded ts. ʇ[s], a medial ts, a sonant-surd. ai, as in _aisle_. au, as _ow_ in _how_. yu, as _u_ in _tune_, or _ew_ in _few_. The following have the ordinary English sounds: b, d, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y, and z. A superior n (ⁿ) after a vowel (compare the Dakota ŋ) has the sound of the French n in bon, vin, etc. A plus sign (+) after any letter prolongs it.