Such a bubble may remain long closed, as in Fig. 8, becoming every moment more delicate and exquisite, or it may open at an even earlier stage, as in Fig. 9. There is a characteristic difference between the arms of a closing and of an opening bubble. It will be noticed that up to the moment of closing the arms slope outwards. The upper portions have been projected at an earlier stage when the mouth of the crater was wider open and the flow was either actually outwards or more nearly vertical; then as the mouth contracts the arms are left behind in the upper parts. [Illustration: SERIES III--(_continued_) 5 0·017 sec. 6 0·020 sec. 7 0·036 sec. 8 0·053 sec.] In an opening bubble, on the other hand, the arms are at first vertical, and later have the very characteristic inward slope of the last figure, which is also well seen in Fig. 10-a of the last series. Here the edge of the opened bubble retreats outwards and downwards, leaving the arms behind. Such is the origin of the bubbles raised by the big drops of a thunder shower on the surface of a pool. The building of each fairy dome is accomplished in less than two-hundredths of a second, and before one-tenth of a second has elapsed the whole construction may have vanished. One can almost regret that so beautiful a process should have been so long unwatched. To build these bubbles a large drop is essential. With a drop weighing only 0·4 of a gram, even though it fall from a height of 177 cm., there is no bubble, and the splash is almost exactly that of Series I-a. The exact time required for the closing of the bubble probably depends a good deal on the phase of oscillation of the drop at the moment of entry, and, as already observed, a big drop, which lies very flat in the dropping cup, is set vibrating more strongly on liberation than a small one. We shall see in Chapter VII that the impact of a rough solid sphere, if falling from a sufficient height, produces a very exquisite bubble; in this case irregularities due to oscillation are absent, and the closing can be timed with greater precision. [Illustration: SERIES III--(_continued_) 9 0·040 sec. 10 0·046 sec. 11 0·070 sec.] [Illustration: FIG. 16 Arrangement for taking photographs below the surface of the liquid.] CHAPTER VI BELOW THE SURFACE[F] Our investigation has so far been limited to what we can see from above the surface of the liquid; nor perhaps would it occur to any one acquainted only with so much as we have yet examined that it might be worth while to look below the general level of the surface. The discovery, however, that when the splash is made by a solid sphere very remarkable phenomena, which will be described in the next chapter, take place below the surface, led at a much later date to a similar examination in the case of a liquid drop. A suitable arrangement of the apparatus in the dark room is shown in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 16).