Such figures as 7, 9, and 10 of Series V, p. 77, show that the surface of the liquid beyond the walls of the crater is still flat and undisturbed; yet we now know from the corresponding Figs. 5, 6, and 7 of Series VI, p. 83, that a large volume of liquid has been displaced, much larger than the quantity required to form the crater wall. The inference is that the level of the surface has been slightly raised even at a great distance from the place of the splash. Figs. 7, 8, and 9 of Series VI themselves confirm the impression of the undisturbed flatness of the surface at even a small distance from the splash. (2) THE SPLASH OF A SMOOTH SPHERE. The reader who has been sufficiently interested to make for himself the simple experiment suggested at the beginning of this chapter, will have already realized that the splash of a smooth sphere is totally different from that of a rough one. The photographs of Series IX show that the difference is quite pronounced from the first instant of contact. In this series the sphere was of polished stone 3·2 cm. in diameter and fell 14 cm. The scale of magnification is 3/4. The second figure shows that the liquid, instead of being driven away from the surface as was the case with a rough sphere, now rises up in a thin, closely-fitting sheath which (see Fig. 3) completely envelops the sphere even before its summit has reached the water-level. Figs. 4 and 5 show the comparatively insignificant column that remains to mark the spot where the sphere has entered. Fig. 6 was the result of a lucky accident, which left the sphere rough on the right-hand side, smooth on the left. Nothing could show better than this photograph the essential difference between the two splashes. [Illustration: SERIES VIII Rough sphere. Splashes viewed below the surface. The bursting of the bubble. 1 0·055 sec. From a splash into Petroleum 24·5 cm. fall. 2 0·060 sec. 3 0·064 sec. From a splash into Petroleum 32 cm. fall. 4 0·070 sec. 5 0·082 sec.] The reader's attention is directed to the remarkably deep furrows which characterize the whole sheath in Fig. 3 and the left-hand (smooth splash) part in Fig. 5. About these furrows we shall have something to say later. A better idea of the extreme thinness of the enveloping sheath is obtained when the illumination is from behind as in Series X, in which the sphere was of highly polished serpentine stone 2·57 cm. (or just over 1 inch) in diameter, the fall being 14 cm. (or not quite 6 inches). [Illustration: SERIES IX The "sheath" splash of a smooth sphere. 1 T = 0 2 0·002 sec. 3 0·013 sec. 4 0·024 sec. 5 0·039 sec. 6]