Ânanda Giri, the commentator of Śankarâchâryya, quotes the following Śloka: — "Devas do not protect men, rod in hand, like cattle-keepers. When they wish to protect a man, they impart the necessary intelligence to him." Nothing is said in the Purânas, as to Devas of the higher Lokas. The Prâkrita Devas are intimately connected with our senses and intellect. It is through their direct help, that we are able to perceive and to conceive. Hence they are called Adhi-devas or Vaikâric Devas. They are not individuals and the remarks made above as to Devas, do not apply to them. IV. DIVISIONS OF KÂLA. *SKANDHA III. CHAP. 11.* The unit of Kala at the Sûkshma pole is Paramânu, which is the minutest part of the created thing, not united to form a body. At the Sthula pole is the whole Sthula creation known in its entirety as Parama Mahân. The time during which the Sun crosses in his orbit one paramânu is the Kâla unit paramânu. The time during which he crosses the whole system in his orbit, _i.e._, crosses all the twelve signs of the Zodiac, is Parama Mahân or one Samvatsara. The units of time and space are thus the same. 1 Dvyanuka = 2 Paramânus. 1 Trasarenu = 3 Paramânus. 1 Truti = 3 Trasarenus. 1 Vedha = 100 Trutis. 1 Lava = 3 Vedhas. 1 Nimesha or wink = 3 Lavas. 1 Kshana = 3 Nimesha. 1 Kâsthâ = 5 Kshanas. 1 Laghu = 15 Kâsthâs. 1 Nâdikâ = 15 Laghus. 1 Muhurta = 2 Nâdikâs. 1 Yâma or Prahara = 6 or 7 Nâdikâs. 1 Ahorâtra (of the Mortals) = 8 Yâmas. 1 Paksha (Sukla or Krishna) = 15 Ahorâtras. 1 Mâsa (Month) = 1 Sukla + 1 Krishna Paksha. 1 Ritu = 2 Mâsas. 1 Ayana = 6 Mâsas (Uttara or Dakshinâ.) 1 Vatsara = 2 Ayanas. 1 Vatsara = 12 Masas 1 Vatsara = 1 Ahorâtra of Devas. 1 Samvatsara = 1 year of Solar months. 1 Parivatsara = 1 year of Jupiter months. 1 Idâvatsara = 1 year of Savana months. 1 Svanuvatsara = 1 year of Lunar months. 1 Vatsara = 1 year of Stellar months. One hundred Samvatsaras is the maximum age of men. Satya, Tretâ, Dvâpara and Kali a cycle of these 4 Yugas and their Sandhyâs and Sandhyânsas consist of 12 thousand divine years. The beginning of a Yuga is its Sandhyâ. Tho end of a Yuga is its Sandhyânsa. Sandhyâ and Sandhyânsa are not included in a Yuga and Yuga Dharma is not to be performed while they last. Sandhyâ of Satya Yuga = 400 Deva years. Satya Yuga = 4,000 " " Sandhyânsa of Satya Yuga 400 " " Sandhyâ of Treta Yuga 300 " " Treta Yuga 3,000 " " Sandhyânsa of Treta Yuga 300 " " Sandhyâ of Dvâpara Yuga 200 " " Dvâpara Yuga 2,000 " " Sandhyânsa of Dvâpara Yuga 200 " " Sandhyâ of Kali Yuga 100 " " Kali Yuga 1,000 " "