TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES The original book contains two separate works (Projectile-Throwing Engines and Mediæval Bows), each of which begins on its own page 1 and whose figures begin with “Fig. 1”. To allow hyperlinks to work properly, the second one’s page numbers in this eBook begin on page 101. In this Plain Text version, Transcriber has inserted visible page numbers along the right margin, in the form [Page nn], to make it easier for readers to find references. Figure numbers have not been changed, but in the HTML version, links to the figures go to the correct ones in each work. Superscripts in this Plain Text version are represented as ^e or ^{T.} Additional notes will be found near the end of this eBook. THE PROJECTILE-THROWING ENGINES OF THE ANCIENTS AND TURKISH AND OTHER ORIENTAL BOWS OF MEDIÆVAL AND LATER TIMES _By the same Author._ THE CROSSBOW, MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN, MILITARY AND SPORTING: Its Construction, History, and Management. WITH A TREATISE ON THE BALISTA AND CATAPULT OF THE ANCIENTS. With 220 Illustrations. Medium 4to. 63_s._ net. LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, and Calcutta. A SUMMARY OF THE HISTORY, CONSTRUCTION AND EFFECTS IN WARFARE OF THE PROJECTILE-THROWING ENGINES OF THE ANCIENTS WITH A TREATISE ON THE STRUCTURE, POWER AND MANAGEMENT OF TURKISH AND OTHER ORIENTAL BOWS OF MEDIÆVAL AND LATER TIMES BY SIR RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY, B^{T.} FORTY ILLUSTRATIONS LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON NEW YORK, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA 1907 All rights reserved THE PROJECTILE-THROWING ENGINES OF THE ANCIENTS CONTENTS PART PAGE I. INTRODUCTORY NOTES ON ANCIENT PROJECTILE ENGINES 3 II. THE CATAPULT 11 III. THE BALISTA 21 IV. THE TREBUCHET 27