Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-32; Morris, I, 239-241; 245-251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 167-217; ----, _Spanish Dependencies_, Vol. I, 204-229; Barros Arana, _Compendio de historia de America_, part I; Watson, _Spanish and Portuguese South America_, Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, _The Rebellion of Tupac-Amaru_ II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919); Church, _The Aborigines of South America_; Hrdlicka, _Early Man in South America_; Nordenskiold, _Indianerleben_. Additional Readings: Gage, _New Survey of the West Indies_; MacNutt, _Bartholomew de las Casas_; Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_; ----, _Conquest of Peru_; Robertson, _History of America_, Book VIII; Helps, _Spanish Conquest in America_; Saco, _Revista de Cuba_; Markham, _The Incas of Peru_; Spinden, _Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America_. E. Social Classes and Colonial Society. 1. Spanish types in the colonies: Basque; Gallego; Catalan; Andalusian. 2. Classes and race distinctions: Chapeton (gachupines); Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; Zambo. 3. Classes and the government; the _divide et impera_ policy. 4. Legacy of class distinction. 5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers ennobled. 6. Colonial society; diversions; pursuits; occupations. 7. The towns; _pueblos_; the cercados. Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia Calderon, _Latin America: Its Rise and Progress_, 44-58; Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, _Establishment of Spanish Rule_, Chapter II; ----, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 100-118. Additional Readings: Humboldt, _Personal Narrative of Travels_; Reclus, _The Earth and Its Inhabitants--South America_; Frezier, _Voyage a la Mer de Sud_; Ulloa, _A Voyage to South America_. F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining. 1. The land system: a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain. b. Spanish _repartimientos_ and _encomiendas_; Portuguese _capitanias_ and _prazos_. 2. Methods of acquiring real estate. 3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures. 4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced by the Spanish. 5. Mines and mining in South and North America. Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, _History of America_, Vol. I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, 328-340; Keller, 221-225. G. Trade System and Means of Transportation. 1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple cities. 2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland. 3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.