8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish. 9. Drugs and medicines. 10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco. Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; _Atlas America Latina_; Koebel, _The South Americans_, 184-304; Bryce, _South America_, 37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII; Keane, _Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel--Central and South America_; Boero, _Geografia de America_. Additional Readings: Tschudi, _Travels in Peru_; Whymper, _Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator_; Schanz, _Quer durch Sud-America_; Darwin, _Journal of Researches_--(Voyage of the _Beagle_); Zahm's works. =Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826.= 1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; political and economic. 2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new economic doctrines, French Revolution; English political philosophy. 3. Pre-revolutionary revolts; foreign stimulation. 4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the Spanish policy of exclusion; the expedition of Miranda, 1806; representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe and United States; English expeditions against Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807. 5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon; overthrow of the legitimate government; establishment of the Napoleonic government and of Spanish _juntas_. 6. Disturbance in the colonies; attitude of the cities; Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, etc. 7. The interregnum; development of local _juntas_; manifestations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the relations with Spain. 8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of the revolutionary movement. 9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821: a. Formation of _juntas_; collaboration of Miranda and Bolivar. b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the fate of Miranda, the campaigns. c. The constitution of Angostura. d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca. e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others. f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish revolution of 1820. g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador. h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator. 10. Attitude of foreign countries; aid of Great Britain: a. Englishmen and Irish in the war.