Bill rather long, stout, considerably compressed; upper mandible with the dorsal line declinate and arched, the sides somewhat convex, the edges nearly straight, and overlapping, the notches faint, the tip declinate, rather sharp; lower mandible with the angle rather long, and of moderate width, the dorsal line ascending, and slightly convex, the edges direct, the tip narrow. Nostrils basal, lateral, round, covered by narrow stiff feathers directed forwards. Head large, ovate; neck rather short; body robust. Legs of moderate length, strong; tarsus stout, compressed, with eight scutella; toes of moderate length, stout, first and second nearly equal, fourth longer, and slightly adherent at the base. Claws strong, arched, compressed, acute. Plumage compact, glossed. Wings long, with the first quill short, the fourth longest. Tail of moderate length, rounded. Roof of upper mandible concave, with five ridges; tongue emargined and papillate at the base, horny toward the end, thin-edged, with the point slit. 224. 1. Corvus Corax, Linn. Raven. Plate CI. Male. Feathers of the fore neck lanceolate and elongated; tail much rounded; plumage deep black, glossed with blue and purplish-blue, the lower parts with green. Young with the feathers of the throat oblong, the upper parts less glossy, the lower dull greyish-black. _Male_, 26, 50. From the Highlands of South Carolina, northward to the Polar Seas. Missouri, Kentucky, Ohio, Canada. Rocky Mountains and Columbia River. Rather common in some parts. Raven, Corvus Corax, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. ix. p. 136. Corvus Corax, Bonap. Syn. p. 56. Corvus Corax, Raven, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 290. Raven, Corvus Corax, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 202. Raven, Corvus Corax, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 1; v. v. p. 476. 225. 2. Corvus Americanus, Aud. American Crow. Plate CLVI. Male. Feathers of the head and neck oval and blended; fourth quill longest; general colour black, with purplish-blue reflections; the hind parts of the neck tinged with purplish-brown; the lower parts less glossy. Young of a rather dull brownish-black, with the blue and purple reflections much less brilliant. _Male_, 18, 38. Generally distributed from the Gulf of Mexico to Columbia River; throughout the interior, and along the coast, northward to Lat. 55°. Congregates in immense numbers in the Southern and Western States during winter. Crow, Corvus Corone, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 79. Cervus Corone, Bonap. Syn. p. 56. Cervus Corone, Crow, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 291. Crow, Corvus Corone, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 209. American Crow, Corvus Americanus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. ii. p. 317; v. v. p. 477. 226. 3. Corvus ossifragus, Wils. Fish-Crow. Plate CXLVI. Male and Female.