Malposition of the child.--Arm or shoulder the only faulty position of a full-grown living foetus.--Causes of malposition.--Diagnosis before and during labour.--Results where no assistance is rendered.--Spontaneous expulsion.-- Malposition complicated with deformed pelvis or spasmodically contracted uterus.--Embryulcia.--The prolapsed arm not to be put back or amputated.--Presentation of the arm and head.-- Presentation of the hand and feet.--Presentation of the head and feet.--Rupture of the uterus.--Usual seat of laceration.-- Causes.--Premonitory symptoms.--Symptoms.--Treatment.-- Gastrotomy.--Rupture in the early months of pregnancy, 264 CHAPTER II. SECOND SPECIES OF DYSTOCIA. Size and form of the child.--Hydrocephalus.--Cerebral tumours.--Accumulation of fluid and tumours in the chest or abdomen.--Monsters.--Anchylosis of the joints of the foetus, 281 CHAPTER III. THIRD SPECIES OF DYSTOCIA. Difficult labour from faulty condition of the parts which belong to the child.--The membranes.--Premature rupture of the membranes.--Liquor amnii.--Umbilical cord.--Knots upon the cord.--Placenta, 286 CHAPTER IV. FOURTH SPECIES OF DYSTOCIA. Abnormal state of the pelvis.--Equally contracted pelvis.-- Unequally contracted pelvis.--Rickets.--Malacosteon, or mollities ossium.--Symptoms of deformed pelvis.--Funnel-shaped pelvis.--Obliquely distorted pelvis.--Exostosis.--Diagnosis of contracted pelvis.--Effects of difficult labour from deformed pelvis.--Fracture of the parietal bone.--Treatment.--Prognosis, 292 CHAPTER V. FIFTH SPECIES OF DYSTOCIA. _Obstructed Labour from a Faulty Condition of the Soft Passages._ Pendulous abdomen.--Rigidity of the os uteri.--Belladonna.-- Edges of the os uteri adherent.--Cicatrices and callosities.-- Agglutination of the os uteri.--Contracted vagina.--Rigidity from age.--Cicatrices in the vagina.--Hymen.--Fibrous bands.-- Perineum.--Varicose and oedematous swellings of the labia and nymphæ.--Tumours.--Distended or prolapsed bladder.--Stone in the bladder, 308 CHAPTER VI. SIXTH SPECIES OF DYSTOCIA. _Faulty Labour from a Faulty Condition of the expelling Powers._ I. Where the uterine activity is at fault--functionally or mechanically--from debility--derangement of the digestive organs--mental affections--the age and temperament of the patient--plethora--rheumatism of the uterus--inflammation of the uterus--stricture of the uterus.--Treatment. II. Where the action of the abdominal and other muscles is at fault.--Faulty state of the expelling powers after the birth of the child.-- Hæmorrhage.--Treatment, 324 CHAPTER VII. INVERSION OF THE UTERUS.