{33} laryngeal image the openings of the bronchi. The distance is, however, too great for bright illumination, and nothing can be seen distinctly, so that it is of little value in a diagnostic point of view. During phonation the glottis is narrowed to a slit by the approximation of the arytenoid cartilages and inner edges of the vocal cords, and, as has already been stated, the inter-arytenoid space becomes obliterated. In the higher notes of the female voice, the so-called head tones, the cartilaginous portion of the glottis remains closed entirely, while the membranous portion appears as an elliptical opening which is diminished in its longitudinal diameter with each rise in pitch. This becomes possible because of the presence in the vocal cords of a slender rod-like cartilage attached to the end of the vocal process, which can readily be seen in the female larynx, but which is only rudimentary in the male. This description, intentionally, has been made without reference to the anatomical relation of the parts, but to give a clear idea of what is seen in the laryngeal mirror. The reader should therefore always bear in mind that the laryngeal image, being a reflected one, is reversed, and that, on account of giving a bird's-eye view of the larynx from a point above and behind the organ, distances are materially diminished; and the image is also reversed in an antero-posterior direction, so that the epiglottis appears to be posterior when in reality it is anterior. RHINOSCOPY.--Rhinoscopy, or the art of inspecting the nasal cavities and the naso-pharyngeal space, is divided into two portions--viz. anterior and posterior rhinoscopy; and it will be convenient to observe this division in the following description of the methods employed. But before proceeding with the description it will be well to briefly review the topographic anatomy of the parts, because in most works on general anatomy the nasal and naso-pharyngeal cavities are discussed in a few sentences, and they are rarely if ever examined in the dissecting-room, so that the student has but a very imperfect knowledge of the relation of the parts belonging to these cavities. (See Fig. 11.) The nasal cavities, which are wedge-shaped, with a narrow arched roof, extend from the nostrils to the upper portion of the vault of the pharynx. Their outer walls are formed by the nasal process of the superior maxillary and lachrymal bones in front; in the middle, by the ethmoid and inner surface of the superior maxillary bones; behind, by the vertical plate of the palate bone and the internal pterygoid process of the sphenoid and the turbinated bones. These latter run before backward, three on each side, and are designated as the inferior, middle, and superior, the latter being the smallest of the three. The sinuses or spaces between these turbinated bones are called meatuses; so that the space between the floor of the nose and the lower