=Rectocele.=--A rectocele (Fig. 56) is the tumor formed by the protrusion of the lower part of the posterior vaginal wall into the vagina or through the ostium vaginæ. The condition is due to a prolapse of the posterior vaginal wall, and is caused by the loss of the support of the perineum, usually the result of laceration at childbirth. Sometimes the mucous membrane of the vagina alone prolapses, the anterior wall of the rectum remaining in place. Usually, however, the anterior rectal wall and the posterior vaginal wall protrude together. If the rectocele is not so extensive as to protrude through the ostium, the woman may be unaware of its existence. In many cases, however, the prolapsing vaginal wall protrudes at the vulvar cleft when the woman is erect, or when she strains at stool or performs work requiring heavy lifting. The woman often says that under such circumstances the “womb” protrudes. On account of the accompanying prolapse of the anterior rectal wall the passage of feces does not take place in the normal direction, but the fecal mass is forced into the pouch of the anterior wall of the rectum, and straining efforts push it forward into the vagina. The woman says she feels as though the passages were about to take place through the vagina. This discomfort is relieved by pressing the rectocele back with the finger during defecation. Accumulation of feces in the rectal pouch may result in inflammation or ulceration. The condition is readily recognized by introducing a finger into the rectum, when it will be found to enter the rectocele. [Illustration: FIG. 57.--Median sagittal section of the pelvis of a woman in whom there has been a laceration of the perineum in the sulci, with rectocele and cystocele. The vagina is no longer a closed slit.] A rectocele is cured by Emmet’s operation, which restores the support of the perineum and the posterior wall of the vagina. =Cystocele.=--A cystocele is a tumor formed by the protrusion of the lower part of the anterior vaginal wall into the vagina or through the ostium (Fig. 56). The prolapse of the vaginal wall is accompanied by prolapse of the posterior wall of the bladder. A sound introduced into the bladder through the urethra will be found to enter the cystocele. This test, and the soft, reducible character of the cystocele tumor, enable us to diagnosticate between cystocele and cyst of the anterior vaginal wall. The condition is caused by a loss of the support of the anterior vaginal wall that is furnished by the posterior wall and the perineum. In a case of cystocele residual urine often remains in the pouch of the bladder-wall. In some cases the woman learns that, in order to empty the bladder, it is necessary for her to push the cystocele upward and forward at every act of micturition. The result of this inability to empty the bladder is decomposition of the urine and resulting cystitis.