A TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY [Illustration] A TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY INCLUDING THE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS _FOR USE IN AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES_ AS WELL AS BY THE WORKING ENTOMOLOGIST BY ALPHEUS S. PACKARD, M.D., PH.D. PROFESSOR OF ZOÖLOGY AND GEOLOGY, BROWN UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF “GUIDE TO STUDY OF INSECTS,” “ENTOMOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS,” ETC. New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1898 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1898, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co.—Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. PREFACE [Illustration] In preparing this book the author had in mind the wants both of the student and the teacher. For the student’s use the more difficult portions, particularly that on the embryology, may be omitted. The work has grown in part out of the writer’s experience in class work. In instructing small classes in the anatomy and metamorphoses of insects, it was strongly felt that the mere dissection and drawing of a few types, comprising some of our common insects, were by no means sufficient for broad, thorough work. Plainly enough the laboratory work is all important, being rigidly disciplinary in its methods, and affording the foundation for any farther work. But to this should be added frequent explanations or formal lectures, and the student should be required to do collateral reading in some general work on structural and developmental entomology. With this aim in view, the present work has been prepared. It might be said in explanation of the plan of this book, that the students having previously taken a lecture course in the zoölogy of the invertebrates, were first instructed in the facts and conclusions bearing on the relations of insects to other Arthropoda, and more especially the anatomy of Peripatus, of the Myriopoda, and of Scolopendrella. Then the structure of Campodea, Machilis, and Lepisma was described, after which a few types of winged insects, beginning with the locust and ending with the bee, were drawn and dissected; the nymph of the locust, and the larva and pupa of a moth and of a wasp and bee being drawn and examined. Had time permitted, an outline of the embryology and of the internal changes in flies during their metamorphoses would have been added.