In their structure insects are perhaps more complicated than any other animals. This is partly due to the serial arrangement of the segments and the consequent segmental repetition of organs, especially of the external appendages, and of the muscles, the tracheæ, and the nerves. The brain is nearly or quite as complicated as that of the higher vertebrates, while the sense-organs, especially those of touch, sight, and smell are, as a rule, far more numerous and only less complex than those of vertebrates. Moreover, in their psychical development, certain insects are equal, or even superior, to any other animals, except birds and mammals. The animal kingdom is primarily divided into two grand divisions, the one-celled (_Protozoa_) and many-celled animals (_Metazoa_). In the latter group the cells and tissues forming the body are arranged in three fundamental cell-layers; viz. the _ectoderm_ or outer layer, the _mesoderm_, and _endoderm_. The series of branches, or phyla, comprised under the term Metazoa are the Porifera, Cœlenterata, Vermes, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Vertebrata. Their approximate relationships may be provisionally expressed by the following TABULAR VIEW OF THE EIGHT BRANCHES OR PHYLA OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. VIII. _Vertebrata._ Ascidians and Fishes to Man. | | VII. _Arthropoda._ | Trilobites, Crustacea, Arachnida, | Insects, etc. | | | | VI. _Mollusca._ | | Clams, Snails, Cuttles. | | | | | | V. _Echinodermata._ | | | Crinoids, Star-fish, Sea-urchins, etc. | | | | | +----------+----------+----------+ | | +---------------------------+------------+ | IV. _Vermes._ Flat and Round Worms, Polyzoa, Brachiopods, Annelids. | III. _Cœlenterata._ | II. _Porifera._ Hydra, Jelly-fishes. | Sponges. | | | +------------------+------------------+ | METAZOA. Many-celled animals with 3 cell-layers. | I. PROTOZOA. Single-celled animals. RELATIONS OF INSECTS TO OTHER ARTHROPODA