Besides good, tough iron for the shoe, we need an anvil with a round horn and a small hole at one end, a round-headed turning-hammer, a round sledge, a stamping hammer, a pritchel of good steel, and, if a fullered shoe is to be made, a round fuller. Bodily activity and, above all else, a good eye for measurement are not only desirable, but necessary. A shoe should be made thoughtfully, but yet quickly enough to make the most of the heat. [3] On a shoe we distinguish an _outer_ and an _inner branch_. The anterior portion, formed by the union of the two branches, is called the _toe_. The upper surface, upon which the hoof rests, is called the _hoof-surface_, and the under surface, which is in contact with the ground, the _ground-surface_. That portion of the hoof-surface which is in direct contact with the lower border of the wall, the white line, and a narrow margin of the sole is termed the _bearing-surface_, and when necessary “concaving” (seating) extends from this to the inner border of the shoe. On the ground-surface is seen the “fullering” or “crease.” =The iron= of which horseshoes are made is derived from the natural iron ore. Iron used for technical purposes is not chemically pure. Pure iron is rather too soft, and is therefore mixed with different substances, mostly with “carbon,” the most important ingredient of our fuel. Of course, the iron contains a very small quantity of carbon (0.5 to 5 per cent.). When iron contains more than 2.2 per cent. of carbon it is hard, brittle, and more easily melted, and is known as crude iron, or raw iron, because it is derived from the raw product,—black ore. The melted crude iron is called _cast iron_. Iron is ductile when it contains less than 2.2 per cent. of carbon, and is then called forge iron, or _wrought iron_. Wrought iron is fusible only at a high temperature. Only weldable iron containing less than 1.6 per cent. of carbon is suitable for general use. Of this iron we distinguish two sorts,—steel and wrought iron. A larger percentage of carbon is found in steel than in wrought iron. Steel is hard, can be tempered, and may be called tempered wrought iron. In order to temper or harden steel, bring it to a cherry-red heat, and then cool it suddenly by dipping it in cold water or wet sand. The tempered steel can again be softened as desired by heating and slowly cooling. By heating to a high temperature in a forge wrought iron will become doughy, and may then be intimately united (welded) with another piece at the same temperature by pressure or hammering. This property is called weld-ability; it is of great importance in making horseshoes. The heating of iron until it reaches the welding stage is called getting a “heat.” The act of welding wrought iron with steel is called “steeling.” [Illustration: FIG. 101. Fuller.] [Illustration: FIG. 102. Hammer-punch.] [Illustration: FIG. 103. Pritchel.] Regarding =the tools=, the following hints are sufficient: