―, proportion required to neutralise bleaching powder, 128 ―, removing bleaching liquor by, 127 Antichlor, sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129 ―, ― sulphite, 125 ―, ― thiosulphate, 127, 129 ―, testing, 130 Apparatus for microscopic examination of fibres, 35 Ash of cotton pulp, 136 ― of esparto pulp, 136 ― of linen pulp, 136 ― of paper, estimating, 134 ― of paper, natural, 136 ― of straw pulp, 136 ― of wood pulp, 136 Aspen for mechanical wood pulp, 108 Available chlorine in bleaching powder, 110 Bachet and Machard’s process forwood, 69 Baobab fibre, 53 ― ― composition, 54 Barium hydrate and cellulose, 7 Bark fibres, 2 Barley straw, 98 Barre’s acid process for wood, 69 Bast fibres, 34 ― ―, dimensions, 39 ― filaments, 34 ―, nature of, 2 ― tissues, 53 Beater bed-plate, 120 ― knives, 120 ― ―, cutting in situ, 121 ―, lead-lined, 120 Beaters, 117 ―, direct-driven, 126 ―, engine for driving, 126 ―, water for, 125 Beating esparto, 117 ―, proportion of water to pulp, 118 ― pulp, 117 ― ―, duration of, 119 ― wood pulp, 117 Bed-plate of beater, 120 Beech, composition, 61 Bertram’s beater, 122 ― damping cylinder, 159 ― direct-driven beaters, 126 Bertram’s rag boiler, 82 ― smoothers, 158 ― strainers, 148 Bibliography, 229 Birch, composition, 61 ―, pulp yield, 77 Bisulphite, action on cellulose compared with soda, 76 ―, colour of pulp produced by, 77 ― process, advantages, 76 ― processes for wood, 71 Bleached pulp, freeing from bleach, 114 ― ―, improving colour, 114 Bleaching, acetic acid in, 114 ― action should be confined to non-cellulose, 113 ― by chlorine, 114 ―, electrolytic, 115 ― pulp in potchers, 111 ― pulps, 110 ― rags, 115 ― refractory pulps, 114 ―, time required by, 113 ―, with sodium hypochlorite, 113 Bleaching-liquor, clear, 111 ―, removing by antichlor, 127 ―, removing from half-stuff, 127 ―, storing, 111 ―, strength, 111 ―, washing out from half-stuff, 127 Bleaching-powder, accelerating action of, 112 ―, analysing, 205 ― and cellulose, 10 ―, available chlorine in, 110 ―, keeping, 111 ―, neutralising by lime and sulphur, 129 ―, ― by sodium hyposulphite, 127, 129 ―, ― by sodium sulphate, 128 ―, ― by sodium thiosulphate, 127, 129 ―, preparing, 110 ―, proportion of antichlor required to neutralise, 128 ―, quantities needed, 112 Blitz’s sulphide process, 67 Blondel’s acid process for wood, 69 Blotting paper, starching, 139 Blue colours, 141 Boehmeria, 50 ― nivea fibre, 39 ― puya fibre, 44 Boilers for esparto, 90 ― for resolving wood, 74 ― for straw, 99 ―, iron, 76 ―, lead-lining, 75 Boiling adansonia fibre, 103 ― esparto, 89, 91 ― jute, 103 ― manilla hemp, 103 ― rags, 82 ― straw, 100 Boiling-liquors, recovering soda from, 179