― bicarbonate for accelerating action of bleaching powder, 112 ―, brands, 178 ― carbonate for sizing, 138 ―, commercial kinds, 177 ―, destructive action on cellulose, 64 ― drums, emptying, 179 ― for esparto, 89 ― for isolating cellulose, 63 ― in relation to pressure, 64 ― liquor from esparto, treatment of, 98 ― ―, evaporating, 180, 231 ― ―, removing sodium-sulphur compounds, 191 ―, prices, 179 ―, proportion for straw, 99 ―, recovered, analysing, 205 ― ―, carbonising, 186 ― ―, causticising, 187 ― ―, composition, 186 ― recovery, 179 ― solutions, table of strengths, 109 ―, substances removed from esparto by, 97 Sodium hypochlorite in bleaching, 113 ― hyposulphite, analysing, 208 ― ― for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129 ― sulphide, oxidising, 191 ― sulphite, analysing, 208 ― ― to neutralise bleaching powder, 128 ― -sulphur compounds in soda liquors, 191 ― thiosulphate, analysing, 208 ― thiosulphate for neutralising bleaching powder, 127, 129 Soft water, objections to, 216 Soluble sulphides for isolating cellulose, 67 Solutions, alum, table of strengths, 143 ―, aniline colours, 37 ―, aniline sulphate, 37 ―, chlorine water, 37 ―, iodine, 36 ―, neutral mounting, 36 Sorting, 175 ― rags, 80 Specific gravity, Twaddle converted into, 109 Spherical rag boiler, 82 Stanhope purifier, 212, 214 Starch and iodide paper, making, 130 ―, estimating, 203 ― paste for sizing, 138 Starches, analysing, 208 Starching blotting paper, 139 ― filter paper, 139 Statistics, 221 Steam and ligno-celluloses, 21 Steaming wood, 107 Stipa tenacissima fibre, 39, 55 Strainers, 147 ―, closing plates, 150 ―, knotter, 151 Straw, 46, 57 ―, amount of bleaching powder needed by, 112 ―, boiled, washing, 100 ―, boilers for, 99 ―, boiling, 100 ―, cellulose yield from, 98 ―, cleaning, 100 ―, composition, 59, 99 ―, cutting, 100 ―, dimensions of cells, 58 ―, general chemical characteristics, 58 ― in paper, detecting, 200, 201 ―, microscopic features, 57 ― paper, source of weakness, 103 ―, pressure in boiling, 100 ―, proportion of soda for, 99 ― pulp, ash, 136 ― ―, chlorinating, 102 ― ―, dimensions of fibre, 119 ― pulp, draining, 100 ― ―, dry, preparing, 119 ― ―, grinding, 101 ― ―, yield, 99 ―, soda treatment, 98 ―, treating for paper, 63 ― washer, 101 Strengths of alum solutions, table, 143 ― of paper, classification, 197 ― ―, influence of glazing, 198 ― ―, measuring, 193 Sugar-cane fibre, 59 Sulphide processes, economy of, 68 ― ―, malodours of, 68 Sulphite processes, objection to, 75 Sulphur, action on cellulose, 130 ― and lime for neutralising bleaching powder, 129 Sulphuric acid and cellulose, 12 ― ― and ligno-cellulose, 22 ― ― in bleaching pulps, 112 Sulphurous acid for isolating cellulose, 64