4, NEW COURT, LINCOLN’S-INN, W.C. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTORY NOTE . . . 1 CHAPTER I. CELLULOSE—THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL MEMBERS OF THE CELLULOSE GROUP, WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR NATURAL HISTORY . . . 4 CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FIBRES—MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION . . . 30 CHAPTER III. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PLANT SUBSTANCES . . . 42 CHAPTER IV. AN ACCOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL RAW MATERIALS . . . 46 CHAPTER V. PROCESSES FOR ISOLATING CELLULOSE FROM PLANT SUBSTANCES . . . 62 CHAPTER VI. SPECIAL TREATMENT OF VARIOUS FIBRES—BOILERS, BOILING PROCESSES, &C. . . . 79 CHAPTER VII. BLEACHING . . . 110 CHAPTER VIII. BEATING . . . 117 CHAPTER IX. LOADING, SIZING, COLOURING, &C. . . . 127 CHAPTER X. PAPER MACHINES, HAND-MADE PAPER . . . 144 CHAPTER XI. CALENDERING, CUTTING, &C. . . . 167 CHAPTER XII. CAUSTIC SODA, RECOVERED SODA, &C. . . . 177 CHAPTER XIII. THE TESTING OF PAPER, MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MICROSCOPICAL . . . 193 CHAPTER XIV. GENERAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PAPER-MAKERS . . . 205 CHAPTER XV. SITE FOR PAPER-MILL—WATER PURIFICATION . . . 210 CHAPTER XVI. ACTION OF CUPRAMMONIUM ON CELLULOSE—WILLESDEN PAPER . . . 217 CHAPTER XVII. STATISTICS . . . 221 CHAPTER XVIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . 229 CHAPTER XIX. ADDENDA . . . 231 INDEX . . . 233 {1} PAPER-MAKING. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The raw materials of the paper-maker are primarily the vegetable fibrous substances; in addition to these there are various articles which are employed as auxiliaries, either in the preparatory or finishing processes to which these fibrous materials, or the web of paper are subjected. The latter class are of subsidiary importance, more especially from our present point of view. In insisting upon the recognition of first principles, we cannot overrate the importance of a thorough grasp of the constitution of the plant fibres, as the necessary foundation for the intelligent conduct of paper-making, and to this subject we will at once proceed.