Forms in which employed.—Scutching refuse, spinning waste, threads, cuttings and rope ends. SUNDA or SUNN HEMP.—Genus, _Crotalaria_. Order, _Papilionaceæ_. Bast filaments: length, 7–8 mm.; diameter, 0·03; ratio, 200 : 1. Microscopic features.—Generally similar to those of hemp. Micro-chemical reactions.—With iodine various, from blue to yellow. With aniline sulphate, slight yellow. General chemical characteristics.—Pecto-cellulose (with some ligno-cellulose). The following are the results of analysis of the raw fibre (H. Müller):— Cellulose 80·01 Fat and wax ·55 Aqueous extract 2·82 Pectous substances 6·41 Water 9·60 Ash 0·61 This fibre, exported from India and the Sunda Islands, has found employment in Spain and Portugal, but up to the present has not been adopted to any extent in other parts of Europe. CHINA GRASS, RHEA, RAMIE.—Genus, _Bōhmeria_. Order, _Urticaceæ_. Bast filaments: length, 120 mm.; diameter, 0·05; ratio, 2400 : 1. Illustrated in Fig. 8: _a_, section of a {51} bundle of fibres; _b_, a fibre seen longitudinally; _c_, ends; mag. 300. [Illustration: FIG. 8.] Microscopic characteristics.—Irregular in form and length; often conspicuous in respect of latter (see Table, p. 39); fibre sometimes cylindrical, either smooth or striated, sometimes flattened; central canal well developed, often containing granules; extremities of fibres rounded, spatulated or lance-shaped. Sections marked by numerous concentric layers, often showing radiating striæ. Micro-chemical reaction.—Blue to violet, with iodine solution. General chemical characteristics.—Pecto-cellulose. Composition of raw fibre (H. Müller):— Cellulose 75·83 62·50 Fat and wax ·20 0·56 Aqueous extract 6·29 9·76 Pectous substances 6·07 12·00 Water 8·74 9·55 Ash 2·87 5·63 Forms in which employed.—Up to the present the price has been prohibitive. Has been the subject of successful {52} experiments; imparts great tensile strength to paper. The portions available will be as in flax. COMMON NETTLE.—_Urtica dioica._ Order, _Urticaceæ_. Bast filaments: length, 27 mm.; diameter, 0·05; ratio, 550. Microscopic characteristics similar to the above. The fibres of this plant were, in the olden times, separated in the same way as flax, and worked up into cloth. At present it has no practical interest to the paper-maker, but deserves attention at the hand of the student, as the most easily accessible for the purpose of study. It is, moreover, possible that, under cultivation, it may yet become a source of raw material for paper-making. JUTE.—_Corchorus._ Order, _Tiliaceæ_. Bast: length, 2 mm.; diameter, 0·022; ratio, 90. Illustrated in Fig. 9: _a_, section of bundles of fibres; _b_, fibres seen longitudinally; _c_, ends; mag. 300. [Illustration: FIG. 9.] Microscopic features.—Compact bundles; fibres smooth.