Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber Note Text emphasis is denoted by _Italics_ and =Bold=. Whole and fractional parts of numbers are denoted as 3-1/2 and where ranges of numbers include fractions they are enclosed in parenthesis: (3-1/2). A TEXT-BOOK OF TANNING. [Illustration: Pl. I. _E. & F. N. Spon, London & New York._ "INK-PHOTO." SPRAGUE & CO. LONDON. LIME PITS AND RINSING TANKS.] A TEXT-BOOK OF TANNING: A TREATISE ON THE CONVERSION OF SKINS INTO LEATHER, BOTH PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL. BY HENRY R. PROCTER, F.C.S., OF LOWLIGHTS TANNERY; EXAMINER IN TANNING TO THE CITY AND GUILDS TECHNICAL INSTITUTE. With 8 Plates and numerous Illustrations. [Illustration] E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON. NEW YORK: 35, MURRAY STREET. 1885. PREFACE. [Illustration] The aim of the following handbook is two-fold; to give, in a compendious form, such a summary of our scientific knowledge as may be useful to the practical tanner; and such a sketch of manufacturing processes as may enable the chemist to apply his knowledge to their improvement. Each may, therefore, find some superfluous matter, for which his indulgence is asked. The book is an expansion of a short article which appeared in Spons' 'Encyclopædia of the Industrial Arts,' and to some extent still bears traces of its origin; and, having been written under stress of limited leisure, and defective eyesight, is very far from being so perfect as I should desire. For the sake of completeness it has been necessary to describe many processes which are outside the range of my own manufacturing experience, and in doing so I have generally referred to the sources of my information. Chapters III. and XXIV. are written by Mr. C. G. Warnford Lock, to whose kind assistance I am much indebted. It may be well to state in conclusion, that while the work is not intended for a cram-book for technical students, it is hoped that it may be an assistance to teachers of the subject. HENRY R. PROCTER. Tynemouth, _August 1885_. CONTENTS. [Illustration] PAGE INTRODUCTORY NOTE 1 CHAPTER I. Anatomical Structure of Hide 2 CHAPTER II.