Co., New York; Canada Tanning Extract Co., St. Leonard and Bulstrode; J. Miller & Co., Millerton, New Brunswick. The total production is probably over 10,000 tons annually, ranging in value between 14_l._ and 20_l._ a ton. Our imports are included in barks and extracts. =Kino= (Fr., _Kino_; Ger., _Kino_).--The term "gum kino" is applied to a class of astringent extracts of varied origin, none of which can accurately be called either resins or gums. [Illustration: Pl. II. _E. & F. N. Spon, London & New York._ "INK-PHOTO" SPRAGUE & CO. LONDON. REMOVING THE HAIR; SCRAPING AND CLEANING THE SKINS.] (1) _East Indian or Amboyna Kino._--This is obtained from _Pterocarpus Marsupium_, a common tree in the central and southern parts of the Indian peninsula, and in Ceylon; and a liquid kind from _P. indicus_, of South India, Burma, Malacca, Penang, the Andamans, and Malaysia. The collection of the juice is effected in the following manner. A perpendicular incision, with lateral offshoots, is made in the stem of the tree when blossoming has set in, and a receptacle is placed at the foot of the incision. The exuding juice appears like red-currant jelly, but it soon thickens by exposure to the air, and when sufficiently dried, is packed into wooden boxes for exportation. It is one of the reserved timber-trees of the Government forests in Madras, and its juice is collected by natives, who pay a small fee for the permission. The hardened juice consists of blackish-red, angular, pea-like grains, partially soluble in water, almost entirely in spirit of wine of sp. gr. 0·838, readily in caustic alkaline solutions, and largely in a saturated solution of sugar. The liquid kino produces a very inferior article on drying. The annual collection of kino in Madras probably does not exceed 1-2 tons. Its approximate London market value is 60-150_s._ a cwt. It is employed medicinally, and in the manufacture of wines, and might be employed as a source of tannin in dyeing and tanning, if sufficiently cheap. (2) _Butea, Bengal, Palas or Dhak Kino._--This variety is afforded by the _palas_ or _dhak_ tree (_Butea frondosa_), common throughout India and Burma, and affording a dyestuff, and a fibre, as well as by _B. superba_ and _B. parviflora_. During the hot season, there issues from natural fissures and from wounds made in the bark of the stem, a red juice, which quickly hardens to a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent mass. It occurs in small drops or tears, and in flat pieces which have been dried on leaves, and is almost always mixed with bark-fragments. It is transparent, freely soluble in cold water, and does not soften in the mouth. It is unknown in European commerce, but is employed in India as a substitute for the kind first described.