=Quebracho.=--The local name _quebracho_, contracted from _quebra-hacho_ ("axe-breaker"), is applied to several South American trees possessing hard wood, belonging to distinct genera. They are chiefly as follows:--(1) _Aspidosperma Quebracho_, the _quebracho blanco_, a tree growing in the province of Catamarca, Argentine Republic; (2) _Loxopterygium_ [_Quebrachia_] _Lorentzii_, the _quebracho colorado_, most prevalent in the province of Corrientes, the wood and bark of which come largely into commerce as tanning materials; (3) _Iodina rhombifolia_, the _quebracho flojo_, whose wood and bark are mixed with those of No. 2; (4) _Machærium fertile_ [_Tipuana speciosa_], the _tipa_, which affords both wood and bark of less tanning value than No. 2. It would seem that the wood and bark of No. 2 are by far the most largely employed, containing 15-23 per cent. of a bright-red tannin. The wood and an extract from it are imported into Europe. From information kindly furnished by James Gordon & Co., and Haw & Co., of Liverpool, it appears that the imports of quebracho-wood into Liverpool in 1880 were 200 tons, value about 4_l._ 10_s._ a ton; and of quebracho-bark, about 20 tons, none of which had been sold. =Sumach or Shumac= (Fr., _Sumac_; Ger., _Gerbersumach_, _Schmack_).--The commercial term "sumach" is applied to the dried leaves of a number of South European and American tannin-yielding plants. These are chiefly as follows:--In Sicily, the European or tanning-sumach (_Rhus Coriaria_); in Tuscany, _R. Coriaria_, often adulterated with leaves of _Pistacia lentiscus_; in Spain, several _Rhus spp._, the products being divided into 3 kinds--Malaga or Priego, Malina, and Valladolid; in the Tyrol, the smoke-tree or fragrant or Venetian sumach (_R. Cotinus_); in France, _Coriaria myrtifolia_, divided into 4 sorts--_fauvis_, _douzère_, _redoul_ or _redon_, and _pudis_; in Algeria, Tezera sumach (_R. pentaphylla_), used by the Arabs for making morocco-leather; in North America, the smooth or white sumach (_R. glabra_), the Canadian sumach (_R. canadensis_), the staghorn sumach (_R. typhina_), and the dwarf or black sumach (_R. copallina_). These are found growing wild in the countries indicated, and are further subjected to cultivation in some districts, notably in Sicily. _R. glabra_ and _R. copallina_ are recommended chiefly for extended cultivation in the United States.