_Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects_; London. Viollet-le-Duc, _Discourses on Architecture_; Boston. THEORY, THE ORDERS, ETC. Chambers, _A Treatise on Civil Architecture_; London. Daviler, _Cours d’architecture de Vignole_; Paris. Esquié, _Traité élémentaire d’architecture_; Paris. Guadet, _Théorie de l’architecture_; Paris. Robinson, _Principles of Architectural Composition_; New York. Ruskin, _The Seven Lamps of Architecture_; London. Sturgis, _How to Judge Architecture_; New York. Tuckerman, _Vignola, the Five Orders of Architecture_; New York. Van Brunt, _Greek Lines and Other Essays_; Boston. Van Pelt, _A Discussion of Composition_. Ware, _The American Vignola_; Scranton. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE. INTRODUCTION. A history of architecture is a record of man’s efforts to build beautifully. The erection of structures devoid of beauty is mere building, a trade and not an art. Edifices in which strength and stability alone are sought, and in designing which only utilitarian considerations have been followed, are properly works of engineering. Only when the idea of beauty is added to that of use does a structure take its place among works of architecture. We may, then, define architecture as the art which seeks to harmonize in a building the requirements of utility and of beauty. It is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts. It touches the life of man at every point. It is concerned not only in sheltering his person and ministering to his comfort, but also in providing him with places for worship, amusement, and business; with tombs, memorials, embellishments for his cities, and other structures for the varied needs of a complex civilization. It engages the services of a larger portion of the community and involves greater outlays of money than any other occupation except agriculture. Everyone at some point comes in contact with the work of the architect, and from this universal contact architecture derives its significance as an index of the civilization of an age, a race, or a people. It is the function of the historian of architecture to trace the origin, growth, and decline of the architectural styles which have prevailed in different lands and ages, and to show how they have reflected the great movements of civilization. The migrations, the conquests, the commercial, social, and religious changes among different peoples have all manifested themselves in the changes of their architecture, and it is the historian’s function to show this. It is also his function to explain the principles of the styles, their characteristic forms and decoration, and to describe the great masterpieces of each style and period.