The horizontal part of the =palate bones= is extensive, forming about one-third of the hard palate. It presents a variable number of lesser palatine foramina. There is usually a pointed posterior nasal spine at the end of the median suture. The palatine canal is sometimes formed entirely in this bone. The perpendicular part is even more extensive. Its external surface is chiefly free and forms most of the inner wall of the large pterygo-palatine fossa. The maxillary foramen is situated in a deep recess between this bone and the zygomatic process of the maxilla. Just above it there is commonly another foramen which opens into the nasal cavity. The posterior palatine and sphenopalatine foramina are situated further back and a little lower; the former is immediately below the latter. A horizontal plate extends from the inner surface, meets that of the opposite bone and completes the lamina transversalis spoken of in the description of the ethmoid bone. There is no palatine sinus. The =pterygoid bones= are very wide and short. They form a considerable part of the lateral boundaries of the posterior nares. The lower and posterior holders are free and at their angle of junction there is a variable hamulus. The =nasal bones= are (in most breeds) long and wider in front than behind. The external surface is variably concave in its length and is inclined toward the median suture so as to form a central groove. The inner borders turn downward and form an internal nasal crest which becomes very prominent behind. The posterior parts fit into a notch formed by the frontal bones. The anterior ends form an almost semicircular nasal notch. The =lacrimal bone= is very small. The facial part extends very little or not at all beyond the orbital margin. The orbital surface is small and triangular, and presents the entrance to the lacrimal canal. [Illustration: FIG. 125.—MANDIBLE OF DOG, RIGHT-ANTERIOR VIEW. _a_, Right ramus; _b_, left ramus; _c_, body; _d_, alveolar border; _e_, processus angularis; _f_, condyle; _g_, coronoid process; _h_, masseteric fossa; _i_, _k_, crests which form the upper and lower boundaries of fossa; _l_, mandibular foramen; _m_, mental foramina; _n_, masseteric line; _o_, sigmoid notch. (Ellenberger-Baum, Anat. d. Hundes.) ] The large zygomatic process constitutes the bulk of the =malar bone=. It is very long and is strongly curved. The upper border is convex, free in front, where it forms part of the orbital margin, beveled behind for articulation with the similar process of the temporal bone. Between these it bears an eminence, the processus frontalis, to which the orbital ligament is attached. The body of the bone may be considered to consist of a =lacrimal process= directed upward and fitting in between the lacrimal and maxilla, and a =maxillary process= directed downward. The facial surface is convex.