[Illustration: Fig. 59. A side view of the face, oesophagus, and trachea. 1, The trachea (wind pipe.) 2, The larynx. 3, The oesophagus. 4, 4, 4, The muscles of the upper portion of the oesophagus forming the pharynx. 5, The muscle of the cheek. 6, The muscle that surrounds, the mouth. 7, The muscle that forms the floor of the mouth.] -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 239. The submaxillary. 240. The sublingual. What observation respecting these glands? What does fig. 59 represent? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 241. The PHARYNX is a membranous sac, situated upon the upper portion of the spinal column. It extends from the base of the skull to the top of the _tra´che-a_, (windpipe,) and is continuous with the oesophagus. From the pharynx are four passages; one opens upward and forward to the nose, the second leads forward to the mouth, the third downward to the trachea and lungs, the fourth downward and backward to the stomach. 242. The OESOPHAGUS is a large membranous tube that extends behind the trachea, the heart, and lungs, pierces the diaphragm, and terminates in the stomach. It is composed of two membranes--an internal, or mucous, and a muscular coat. The latter is composed of two sets of fibres; one extends lengthwise, the other is arranged in circular bands. 243. The STOMACH is situated in the left side of the abdomen, immediately below and in contact with the diaphragm. It has two openings; one connected with the oesophagus, called the _car´di-ac_ orifice; the other connected with the upper portion of the small intestine, called the _py-lor´ic_ orifice. It is composed of three coats, or membranes. The exterior or serous coat is very tough and strong, and invests every part of this important organ. The middle, or muscular coat is composed of two layers of muscular fibres, one set of which is arranged longitudinally, the other circularly. The interior coat is called the mucous, and is arranged in _ru´gæ_, (folds.) The stomach is provided with a multitude of small glands, in which is secreted the gastric fluid. _Illustration._ The three coats of the stomach anatomically resemble tripe, which is a preparation of the largest stomach of the cow or ox. The outer coat is smooth and highly polished. The middle coat is composed of minute threads, which are arranged in two layers. The fibres of these layers cross each other. The inner coat is soft, and presents many folds, usually named "the honey-comb." -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 241. Describe the pharynx and the passages leading from it. 242. Give the structure of the oesophagus. 243. Where is the stomach situated? How many coats has it? Describe them. What article prepared for food does the stomach resemble? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=