Produced by Bryan Ness, Keith Edkins and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they are listed at the end of the text. * * * * * [Illustration: THE VISCERA IN POSITION.] * * * * * A TREATISE ON PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL READERS. _FULLY ILLUSTRATED._ BY JOSEPH C. HUTCHISON, M. D., _President of the New York Pathological Society, Vice-President of the New York Academy of Medicine, Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Hospital, late President of the Medical Society of the State of New York, etc._ * * * * * NEW YORK: CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, 5 BARCLAY STREET. 1872. * * * * * Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, By CLARK & MAYNARD. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Stereotyped by LITTLE, RENNIE & CO. 645 and 647 Broadway. * * * * * TO MY WIFE, WHOSE SYMPATHY HAS, FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS, LIGHTENED THE CARES INCIDENT TO _AN ACTIVE PROFESSIONAL LIFE_, THIS HUMBLE VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. * * * * * {3} PREFACE. ------o------ This work is designed to present the leading facts and principles of human Physiology and Hygiene in clear and concise language, so that pupils in schools and colleges, and readers not familiar with the subjects, may readily comprehend them. Anatomy, or a description of the structure of an organ, is of course necessary to the understanding of its Physiology, or its uses. Enough of the former study has, therefore, been introduced, to enable the pupil to enter intelligently upon the latter. Familiar language, as far as practicable, has been employed, rather than that of a technical character. With a view, however, to supply what might seem to some a deficiency in this regard, a Pronouncing Glossary has been added, which will enable the inquirer to understand the meaning of many scientific terms not in common use. In the preparation of the work the writer has carefully examined all the best material at his command, and freely used it; the special object being to have it abreast of the present knowledge on the subjects treated, as far as such is possible in a work so elementary as this. The discussion of disputed points has been avoided, it being manifestly inappropriate in a work of this kind.