94 This date is a mistake, and I would have taken it for a misprint if the author had not said before, that “Vigilantius attacked the practices of the church in the fourth age.” I have, in speaking of this subject, p. 71, followed the authority of the great historian of the Roman Catholic Church, Fleury, who says that Jerome answered Vigilantius in 404. _ 95 Vid. supra_, p. 14, _et seq._, the opinions of Chateaubriand and Beugnot on the same subject. 96 The appellation of _regina cælorum_, queen of heaven, is frequently given to the blessed Virgin in Roman Catholic litanies and hymns addressed to her. The queen of heaven mentioned by Jeremiah is supposed to be the same as Astarte, or the Syrian Venus. 97 Herodot., lib. ii., p. 36,— “Qui grege linigero circumdatus et grege calvo, Plangentis populi currit derisor Anubis.” _Juvenal_, vi. 532. 98 He describes in it the well-known Roman Catholic practice of flagellation or self-whipping, which has been, and is still, done by the priests and votaries of several Pagan deities. 99 “Namque omnia loca quae thuris constiterit vapore fumasse, si tamen ea fuisse in jure thurificantium probabitur, fisco nostro adsocianda censemus,” &c.—_Vid._ also _supra_, p. 48. 100 I give these numbers on the authority of the Almanac de Gotha. 101 The facts of this curious affair have never been published, but they are preserved in the ecclesiastical archives of Moscow, and a copy of them in the ecclesiastical academy of St Petersburgh.—_Strahl’s Beyträge zur Russischen Kirchengeschichte_, p. 239. 102 Hermann Geschichte von Russland, 1853, vol. v., p. 89. 103 Anointment with oil makes a part of the Greek ritual of baptism. 104 These regulations may appear strange in a country like this, but in Russia all the population is divided into various classes, and nobody can pass from one of them into another without the authorization of the Government; as, for instance, if a peasant or agriculturist wishes to become a burgher by settling in a town. The peasantry in the Baltic provinces were emancipated under the reign of the Emperor Alexander, but the landowners still maintain a certain authority over them. 105 The Pope, book iv., chap. 1. 106 Bodenstedt’s Morning Land; or, Thousand and One Days in the East. Second Series, vol. i., p. 61, _et seq._, a work which is particularly interesting at the present time. 107 Studien über Russland, vol. i., p. 101. 108 The Russians of that time were known as slave dealers, according to Benjamin of Tudela, a Jewish traveller of the same period. 109 Travels of Ibn Foslan, German translation, by Frähn, p. 7. 110 “Die Völker des Kaukasus,” p. 284. 111 It owned before the confiscation of the church estates more than a hundred thousand male serfs.