Covering the surface of the timber with broad-headed scupper nails, arranged in regular rows with their heads at no great distance from each other, is a method which has been satisfactorily employed in various parts of the world, in Swedish and Danish vessels, even up to the present time, and, indeed, it was also practised by the Romans. The scupper-nailed piles at Southend, after twelve years’ exposure to the sea, were perfectly sound, and although the nails were not driven close together in the first instance, yet the corrosive action was so great as to form a solid impenetrable metallic substance, upon which the worms refused to settle. Scupper nails have been proved at Yarmouth, as well as at other places, to have protected timber for forty years, but the process is expensive, as it costs one shilling per square foot. They should be about half an inch square at the head. Captain Sir Samuel Brown, R.N., states that from numerous experiments and observations, he is satisfied that at present there is really no specific remedy against the attacks of sea-worms upon timber, except iron nails. He proposes to encase the piles with broad-headed iron nails resembling scupper nails, but considerably larger, and he says that in the course of a few months corrosion takes place, and spreads into the interstices. The rust hardens upon the pile, and becomes a solid mass which the worm will not touch. Experiments tried at the Trinity Pier, Newhaven, and Brighton Pier, have established the effectiveness of his method. At the Cape of Good Hope, and many other places, wood piles are cased in iron, and occasionally iron piles are used instead of wood, at great cost. Further experience is desirable as to the durability of cast iron[23] in salt water, especially as to its peculiar property of conversion, after a few years’ immersion in the sea, into a carburet of iron, closely resembling plumbago, so that it may be easily cut with a knife. This, of course, diminishes its powers of resistance acting upon the framing it is intended to strengthen. In the course of the construction of the Britannia Bridge, about one hundred thin plates were delivered, which were not used on account of some error in their dimensions. They were left on the platform alongside the straits, exposed to the wash and spray of the sea; and after about two years were literally so completely decomposed as to be swept away with a broom into the water, not a particle of iron remaining.