To prevent timber warping to any serious extent, it should be well seasoned before it is cut into scantlings; and the scantlings should be cut some time before they are to be used, in order that the seasoning may be as perfect as possible; and if they can be set upright, so much the better, as then they will dry more rapidly. The white lowland deals of Norway and the white spruce deals of Canada have the same disposition to warp and split on drying. Du Hamel has shown that it is a great advantage to set the timber upright, with the lower end raised a little from the ground; but as this cannot always be done, the timber-yards should be well drained and kept as dry as possible. “Ancient architects,” observes Alberti, “not only prevented the access of the scorching rays of the sun and the rude blasts of wind, but also covered the surface with cow-dung, to prevent the too sudden evaporation from the surface.” The warping of timber is attributable by some to the manner of its growth. Boards cut out of a tree that is twisted in its growth will not keep from warping; boards cut from trees that are grown in open situations have another fault, in the heart of the tree not running straight like forest-grown wood. In a plank cut from a tree of this kind in a straight line, the heart will traverse it from one end to another. No treatment will prevent it from warping or drying hollow on the side farthest from the heart. Where the heart is in the centre of a plank, and each side has an equal chance of drying, it will not warp; but there will be a shake or crack upon each side, denoting the position of the heart. Some deals, and particularly the stringy deals, are very hygrometric, and never lose the property, however long they have been seasoned, of expanding and contracting with change of weather. White Petersburgh deals are said to have that property, however long they may have been kept, so that if used in the panel of a door, the wood alternately enters and recedes from the groove into which it fits, as the paint will show when that kind of deal has been used for a panel. The wood of the north side will not warp so much as the wood from the south side. The face of the planks should be cut in the direction which lay from east to west as the tree stood. If this be done, the planks will warp much less than if cut in the opposite direction. The nature of the tree, the soil upon which it is grown, the position of its growth, the period of the year in which it is felled, and the length of time between its felling and converting, are the principal points to be considered; a thorough knowledge and study of which is the only true principle on which we can hope to deal with the warping and converting of timber.