_The mode authorised by the Ancient Laws.--The period when Transportation commenced.--The principal Crimes enumerated which are punishable with Death.--Those punishable by Transportation and Imprisonment.--Number of Persons tried compared with those discharged.--The system of Pardons examined; and Regulations suggested.--An historical Account of the rise and progress of Transportation.--The system of the Hulks; and the Laws as to provincial and national Penitentiary Houses.--Number of the Convicts confined in the Hulks for twenty-two years.--The enormous expence of maintenance and inadequate produce of their Labour.--The impolicy of the System.--The system of Transportation to New South Wales examined, and Improvements suggested.--Erection of National Penitentiary Houses recommended.--The National Penitentiary House (according to the Proposal of_ Jeremy Bentham, _Esq.) considered:--Its peculiar advantages with respect to Health, productive Labour, and Reformation of Convicts.--General Reflections on the means of rendering Imprisonment useful._ 435 [Transcriber's Note: should be p. 434] CHAP. XVII. CRIMINAL POLICE OF THE METROPOLIS. _The Police of the Metropolis examined, and its Organization explained.--The utility of the system, established in 1792 examined and explained.--Its great deficiency from the want of Funds to reward Officers for the detection and punishment of Offenders.--Suggestions relative to stipendiary Justices, and the benefits likely to result from their exertions in assisting the City Magistrates.--The vast labour and weight of duty attached to the chief Magistrate and Aldermen in London.--The benefits to result from Established Police Magistrates exemplified by the System already adopted under the Act of 1792.--The advantages which would arise from the various remedies proposed in the course of this Work, only of a partial nature, for want of a centre-point and superintending Establishment.--The ideas of Foreigners on the Police of the Metropolis.--Observations on the Old Police of Paris, elucidated by Anecdotes of the Emperor_ JOSEPH II. _and Mons. de_ Sartine.--_A Central Board of Commissioners for managing the Police, peculiarly necessary on the return of Peace.--This measure recommended by the Finance Committee._ 501 CHAP. XVIII. PROPOSED SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL POLICE.