"He is accompanied by two little moons, Phobos (Fear), which is from ten
to forty miles in diameter, and revolves round him in 7 hours 39
minutes, at a distance of 6,000 miles, a fact unparalleled in astronomy;
and Deimos (Rout), who completes a revolution in 30 hours 18 minutes, at
a distance of 14,500 miles.
"About 400 planetoids have been discovered up to now, but we are always
catching more of them. Medusa, the nearest, is 198 million miles, and
Thule, the farthest, is 396 million miles from the sun. Vesta, the
brightest and probably the largest, a pale yellow, or, as some say,
bluish white orb, visible with the naked eye, is from 200 to 400 miles
in diameter. It is impossible to say which is the smallest. Probably the
mass of the whole is not greater than one quarter that of the earth.
"Jupiter, surnamed the 'giant planet,' who almost rivals Venus in her
splendour, is 480 million miles from the sun; travels round his orbit in
12 years less 50 days; and is believed to whirl round his axis in 10
hours. His diameter is 85,000 miles, and his bulk is not only 1,200
times that of the earth, but exceeds that of all the other planets put
together. Nevertheless, his mass is only 200 to 300 times that of the
earth, for his density is not much greater than that of water. What we
see is evidently his vaporous atmosphere, which is marked by coloured
spots and bands or belts, probably caused by storms and currents,
especially in the equatorial regions. Jupiter is thought to be self
luminous, at least in parts, and is, perchance, a cooling star, not yet
entirely crusted over.
"Four or five numbered satellites, about the size of our moon and
upwards, are circulating round him in orbits from 2,000 to 1,000,000
miles distant in periods ranging from 11 hours to 16 days 18 hours.
"Saturn, the 'ringed planet,' who appears as a dull red star of the
first magnitude, is the most interesting of all the planets. He is 884
million miles from the sun; his period of revolution is 29½ years, and
he turns on his axis in 10 hours 14 minutes. His diameter is 75,000
miles, but his mass is only 94 times that of the earth, for he is
lighter than pinewood. His atmosphere is marked with spots and belts,
and on the whole his condition is like that of Jupiter.
"Two flat rings or hoops, divided by a dark space, encircle his ball in
the plane of his equator. The inner ring is over 18,000 miles from the
ball, and nearly 17,000 miles broad. The gap between is 1,750 miles
wide, and the outer ring is over 10,000 miles broad. The rings are
banded, bright or dark, and vary in thickness from 40 to 250 miles. They
consist of innumerable small satellites and meteoric stones, travelling
round the ball in rather more than ten hours, and are brightest in
their densest parts. Of course they form a magnificent object in the
night sky of the planet, and it may be that our own zodiacal light is
the last vestige of a similar ring, and not an extension of the solar
corona.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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