The dialect contains many vocables not found in literary English, such as _byous_ and _ondeemis_ for extraordinary, but where the words are English, they are greatly altered. It is characterised by broad, open vowels; “boots” is pronounced “beets,” “cart” is “cairt,” “good” is “gweed.” The final _l_ is dropped; “pull” is “pu,” “fall” is “fa.” Final _ol_ becomes _ow_; “roll” is made “row,” and “poll” is “pow.” _Wh_ is always _f_: “white” is “fite” and “who?” (interrogative) is “fa?” It is rich in diminutives like the Dutch—_a lassie_, _a basketie_. The finest embodiment of this striking dialect, giving permanent life to its wealth of pathos and expressiveness, is Dr William Alexander’s _Johnny Gibb of Gushetneuk_. _Scots wha hae_, which is supposed to be a characteristic phrase common to all the dialects, would be in Buchan—_Scots at hiz_, which is largely Norse. “The quynie coudna be ongrutten” is Buchan for “The little girl could not help crying.” The population of the county which a hundred years before was 121,065 in 1901 was 304,439. Since the county contains 1970 square miles this brings out an average of 154 to the square mile—just a little over the average of Scotland as a whole, but as Aberdeen city accounts for more than half of the total, and towns like Peterhead and Fraserburgh between them represent 25,000, the figure is greatly reduced for the rural districts. The country districts are but thinly peopled, especially on the Highland line, and the tendency is for the rural population to dwindle. They either emigrate to Canada, which is a regular lodestone for Aberdonians, or they betake themselves to the towns, chiefly to Aberdeen itself. Except in and around the principal town, the county has hardly any industries that employ many hands. Agriculture is the main employment, and modern appliances enable the farmer to do his work with fewer helps than formerly: hence the depopulation of the rural districts. The towns tend to grow, the rural parishes to become more sparsely inhabited. 11. Agriculture.