7. He did not believe in miracles and special providences. He believed that all things are governed by immutable laws, and that miracles and special providences, in the evangelical sense of these terms, are impossible. 8. He rejected the doctrine of total, or inherent depravity. 9. He repudiated the doctrine of vicarious atonement. 10. He condemned the doctrine of forgiveness for sin. 11. He opposed the doctrine of future rewards and punishments. 12. He denied the doctrine of the freedom of the will. 13. He did not believe in the efficacy of prayer as understood by orthodox Christians. 14 He indorsed, for the most part, the criticisms of Thomas Paine on the Bible and Christianity, and accepted, to a great extent, the theological and humanitarian views of Theodore Parker. 15. He wrote a book (which was suppressed) against the Bible and Christianity. 16. His connection with public affairs prevented him from giving prominence to his religious opinions during the later years of his life, but his earlier views concerning the unsoundness of the Christian system of religion never underwent any material change, and he died, as he had lived, an unbeliever. ABRAHAM LINCOLN: WAS HE A CHRISTIAN? CHAPTER I. CHRISTIAN TESTIMONY Dr. J. G. Holland--Hon. Newton Bateman--Rev. J. A. Reed-- Rev. James Smith. D.D.--N. W. Edwards--Thomas Lewis--Noah Brooks--Rev. Byron Sunderland. D.D.--Rev. Dr. Miner--Rev. Dr. Gurley--Hon. I. N. Arnold--F. B. Carpenter--Isaac Hawley--Rev. Mr. Willets--A Pious Nurse--Western Christian Advocate--An Illinois Clergyman--Rev. J. H. Barrows. D D.-- Rev. Francis Vinton, D.D.--Bishop Simpson. In confirmation of the claim that Lincoln was a Christian, the following evidence has been adduced: DR. J. G. HOLLAND. President Lincoln died on the 15th of April, 1865. In the same year, the "Life of Abraham Lincoln," written by Dr. J. G. Holland, appeared. In the fields of poetry and fiction, and as a magazine writer, Dr. Holland had achieved an enviable reputation. His "Life of Lincoln" was written in his usually entertaining style and secured a wide circulation. He affirmed that Lincoln was a Christian, and by means of this work, and through _Scribner's Magazine_, of which he was for many years the editor, contributed more than any other person to render a belief in this claim popular. Referring to Lincoln's administration, Dr. Holland says: